Development and validation of the Self-Regulation of Eating Behaviour Questionnaire for adults

Nathalie Kliemann, Rebecca J Beeken, Jane Wardle, Fiona Johnson, Nathalie Kliemann, Rebecca J Beeken, Jane Wardle, Fiona Johnson

Abstract

Background: Eating self-regulatory capacity can help individuals to cope with the obesogenic environment and achieve, as well as maintain, a healthy weight and diet. At present, there is no comprehensive, reliable and valid questionnaire for assessing this capacity and measuring change in response to self-regulation interventions in adults. This paper reports the development of the Self-regulation of Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (SREBQ) for use in UK adults, and presents evidence for its reliability and construct validity. The development of the SREBQ involved generation of an item pool, followed by two pilot studies (Samples 1 and 2) and a test of the questionnaire's underlying factor structure (Sample 3). The final version of the SREBQ was then assessed for reliability and construct validity (Sample 4).

Results: Development of the SREBQ resulted in a 5-item questionnaire. The face validity was satisfactory, as assessed by the pilot studies. The factor structure analysis (Sample 3) suggested that it has a single underlying factor, which was confirmed in a second sample (Sample 4). The SREBQ had strong construct validity, showing a positive correlation with general measures of self-regulation. It was also positively correlated with motivation and behavioural automaticity, and negatively correlated with food responsiveness and emotional over-eating (p < 0.001). It showed good discriminant validity, as it was only weakly associated with satiety responsiveness, food fussiness and slowness in eating.

Conclusions: The SREBQ is a reliable and valid measure for assessment of eating self-regulatory capacity in the general UK adult population.

Keywords: Eating behaviour; Measurement; Questionnaire; Reliability; Self-control; Self-regulation; Validity.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Flow diagram of the development and validation of the Self-regulation of Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (SREBQ)
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Final one-factor confirmatory factor analysis model for the SREBQ (n = 923). Note - Values over the arrow are the regression coefficient (Beta values). Values over the observed variables are the R2. I1 = I give up too easily on my eating intentions. I2 = I’m good at resisting tempting food. I3 = I easily get distracted from my eating intentions. I4 = If I am not eating in the way I intend to I make changes. I5 = I find it hard to remember what I have eaten throughout the day

References

    1. Malik VS, Willett WC, Hu FB. Global obesity: trends, risk factors and policy implications. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2013;9:13–27. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2012.199.
    1. Wardle J, Boniface D. Changes in the distributions of body mass index and waist circumference in English adults, 1993/1994 to 2002/2003. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008;32:527–32. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803740.
    1. Johnson F, Pratt M, Wardle J. Dietary restraint and self-regulation in eating behavior. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012;36:665–74. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2011.156.
    1. Kroese FM, Evers C, De Ridder DTD. How chocolate keeps you slim. The effect of food temptations on weight watching goal importance, intentions, and eating behavior. Appetite. 2009;53:430–3. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2009.08.002.
    1. Hagger MS. The multiple pathways by which trait self-control predicts health behavior. Ann Behav Med. 2014;48:282–3. doi: 10.1007/s12160-014-9631-x.
    1. Hofmann W, Schmeichel BJ, Baddeley AD. Executive functions and self-regulation. Trends Cogn Sci. 2012;16:174–80. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2012.01.006.
    1. Llewellyn C, Wardle J. Behavioral susceptibility to obesity: gene-environment interplay in the development of weight. Physiol Behav. 2015;152:494. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.07.006.
    1. Gardner B, Lally P, Wardle J. Making health habitual: the psychology of ‘habit formation’ and general practice. Br J Gen Pract. 2012;62:664–6. doi: 10.3399/bjgp12X659466.
    1. Baumeister RF, Gailliot M, DeWall CN, Oaten M. Self-regulation and personality: how interventions increase regulatory success, and how depletion moderates the effects of traits on behavior. J Pers. 2006;74:1773–801. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00428.x.
    1. Boekaerts M, Maes S, Karoly P. Self-regulation across domains of applied psychology: is there an emerging consensus? Appl Psychol. 2005;54:149–54. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2005.00201.x.
    1. Carver CS, Scheier MF. On the self-regulation of behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2001.
    1. De Vet E, De Ridder D, Stok M, et al. Assessing self-regulation strategies: development and validation of the tempest self-regulation questionnaire for eating (TESQ-E) in adolescents. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2014;11.
    1. Moilanen KL. The adolescent self-regulatory inventory: the development and validation of a questionnaire of short-term and long-term self-regulation. J Youth Adolesc. 2007;36:835–48. doi: 10.1007/s10964-006-9107-9.
    1. de Ridder DT, Lensvelt-Mulders G, Finkenauer C, Stok FM, Baumeister RF. Taking stock of self-control: a meta-analysis of how trait self-control relates to a wide range of behaviors. Personal Soc Psychol Rev. 2012;16:76–99. doi: 10.1177/1088868311418749.
    1. Gellert P, Ziegelmann JP, Lippke S, Schwarzer R. Future time perspective and health behaviors: temporal framing of self-regulatory processes in physical exercise and dietary behaviors. Ann Behav Med. 2012;43:208–18. doi: 10.1007/s12160-011-9312-y.
    1. Allan JL, Johnston M, Campbell N. Missed by an inch or a mile? Predicting the size of intention-behaviour gap from measures of executive control. Psychol Health. 2011;26:635–50. doi: 10.1080/08870441003681307.
    1. Bandura A. Social cognitive theory of self-regulation. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process. 1991;50:248–87. doi: 10.1016/0749-5978(91)90022-L.
    1. Carver CS, Scheier MF. Control-theory - a useful conceptual-framework for personality-social, clinical, and health psychology. Psychol Bull. 1982;92:111–35. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.92.1.111.
    1. Tangney JP, Baumeister RF, Boone AL. High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. J Pers. 2004;72:271–324. doi: 10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00263.x.
    1. Stubbs RJ, Lavin JH. The challenges of implementing behaviour changes that lead to sustained weight management. Nutr Bull. 2013;38:5–22. doi: 10.1111/nbu.12002.
    1. Dombrowski SU, Knittle K, Avenell A, Araujo-Soares V, Sniehotta FF. Long term maintenance of weight loss with non-surgical interventions in obese adults: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. Br Med J. 2014;348.
    1. Kreausukon P, Gellert P, Lippke S, Schwarzer R. Planning and self-efficacy can increase fruit and vegetable consumption: a randomized controlled trial. J Behav Med. 2012;35:443–51. doi: 10.1007/s10865-011-9373-1.
    1. Fishbach A, Friedman RS, Kruglanski AW. Leading us not unto temptation: momentary allurements elicit overriding goal activation. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2003;84:296–309. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.84.2.296.
    1. Papies EK, Stroebe W, Aarts H. Who likes it more? Restrained eaters’ implicit attitudes towards food. Appetite. 2009;53:279–87. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2009.07.001.
    1. Hankonen N, Kinnunen M, Absetz P, Jallinoja P. Why do people high in self-control eat more healthily? Social cognitions as mediators. Ann Behav Med. 2014;47:242–8. doi: 10.1007/s12160-013-9535-1.
    1. Muraven M, Baumeister RF. Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: does self-control resemble a muscle? Psychol Bull. 2000;126:247–59. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.126.2.247.
    1. Baumeister RF, Vohs KD, Tice DM. The strength model of self-control. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2007;16:351–5. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00534.x.
    1. Carter EC, Kofler LM, Forster DE, McCullough ME. A Series of Meta-Analytic Tests of the Depletion Effect: Self-Control Does Not Seem to Rely on a Limited Resource. J Exp Psychol. 2015;144:1–20.
    1. Converse PD, DeShon RP. A tale of two tasks: reversing the self-regulatory resource depletion effect. J Appl Psychol. 2009;94:1318–24. doi: 10.1037/a0014604.
    1. Bargh JA, Williams EL. The automaticity of social life. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2006;15:1–4. doi: 10.1111/j.0963-7214.2006.00395.x.
    1. Carey KB, Neal DJ, Collins SE. A psychometric analysis of the self-regulation questionnaire. Addict Behav. 2004;29:253–60. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2003.08.001.
    1. Schroder KEE, Ollis CL, Davies S. Habitual self-control: a brief measure of persistent goal pursuit. Eur J Personal. 2013;27:82–95. doi: 10.1002/per.1891.
    1. Mezo PG. The Self-Control and Self-Management Scale (SCMS): development of an adaptive self-regulatory coping skills instrument. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2009;31:83–93. doi: 10.1007/s10862-008-9104-2.
    1. Kennett DJ, Nisbet C. The influence of body mass index and learned resourcefulness skills on body image and lifestyle practises. Patient Educ Couns. 1998;33:1–12. doi: 10.1016/S0738-3991(97)00049-9.
    1. Junger M, van Kampen M. Cognitive ability and self-control in relation to dietary habits, physical activity and bodyweight in adolescents. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2010;7.
    1. Herman CP, Mack D. Restrained and unrestrained eating. J Pers. 1975;43:647–60. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1975.tb00727.x.
    1. Williamson DA, Martin CK, York-Crowe E, et al. Measurement of dietary restraint: validity tests of four questionnaires. Appetite. 2007;48:183–92. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2006.08.066.
    1. Laessle RG, Tuschl RJ, Kotthaus BC, Pirke KM. A comparison of the validity of three scales for the assessment of dietary restraint. J Abnorm Psychol. 1989;98:504–7. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.98.4.504.
    1. Schlundt DG, Zimering RT. The Dieter’s inventory of eating temptations: a measure of weight control competence. Addict Behav. 1988;13:151–64. doi: 10.1016/0306-4603(88)90005-6.
    1. Nothwehr F, Dennis L, Wu HT. Measurement of behavioral objectives for weight management. Health Educ Behav. 2007;34:793–809. doi: 10.1177/1090198106288559.
    1. Keller C, Siegrist M. The weight management strategies inventory (WMSI). Development of a new measurement instrument, construct validation, and association with dieting success. Appetite. 2015;92:322–36. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.05.037.
    1. Kolodziejczyk JK, Norman GJ, Rock CL, et al. Reliability and concurrent and construct validity of the strategies for weight management measure for adults. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2015;10:291–303.
    1. Streiner DL, Norman GR. Health measurement scales: a practical guide to their development and use Oxford University Press. 2008.
    1. Field A. Discovering Statistics using IBM SPSS Statistics. London: Sage; 2013.
    1. Health Survey of England. Chapter 10: Adult antropometric measures, overweight and obesity. London: Health and Social Care Information Centre; 2012.
    1. Croker H, Lucas R, Wardle J. Cluster-randomised trial to evaluate the ‘Change for Life’ mass media/social marketing campaign in the UK. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:404. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-404.
    1. Meule A, Papies EK, Kubler A. Differentiating between successful and unsuccessful dieters. Validity and reliability of the Perceived Self-Regulatory Success in Dieting Scale. Appetite. 2012;58:822–6. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2012.01.028.
    1. Levesque CS, Williams GC, Elliot D, et al. Validating the theoretical structure of the Treatment Self-Regulation Questionnaire (TSRQ) across three different health behaviors. Health Educ Res. 2007;22:691–702. doi: 10.1093/her/cyl148.
    1. Verplanken B, Orbell S. Reflections on past behavior: A self-report index of habit strength. J Appl Soc Psychol. 2003;33:1313–30. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2003.tb01951.x.
    1. Wardle J, Guthrie CA, Sanderson S, Rapoport L. Development of the children’s eating behaviour questionnaire. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2001;42:963–70. doi: 10.1111/1469-7610.00792.
    1. Hunot C, Fildes A, Croker H, et al. Appetitive traits and relationships with BMI in adults: Development of the Adult Eating Behaviour Questionnaire. Appetite. 2016;105:356–63. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.05.024.
    1. Thompson B. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: understanding concepts and applications (reprint Ed.). Washington: American Psychological Association; 2004.
    1. Dugard P, Todman J, Staines H. Factor analysis. In: Dugard P, Todman J, Staines H, editors. Approaching multivariate analysis: a practical introduction. London: Routledge: Taylor and Francis Group; 2010.
    1. Marteau TM, Hollands GJ, Fletcher PC. Changing human behavior to prevent disease: the importance of targeting automatic processes. Science. 2012;337:1492–5. doi: 10.1126/science.1226918.
    1. Michie S, van Stralen MM, West R. The behaviour change wheel: a new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions. Implement Sci. 2011;6:42. doi: 10.1186/1748-5908-6-42.
    1. Bandura A. The primacy of self-regulation in health promotion. Appl Psychol. 2005;54:245–54. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2005.00208.x.
    1. Muraven M, Slessareva E. Mechanisms of self-control failure: motivation and limited resources. Personal Soc Psychol Bull. 2003;29:894–906. doi: 10.1177/0146167203029007008.
    1. Williams BR, Ponesse JS, Schachar RJ, Logan GD, Tannock R. Development of inhibitory control across the life span. Dev Psychol. 1999;35:205–13. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.35.1.205.
    1. Hippel WV, Henry JD. Aging and self-regulation. In: Vohs KD, Baumeister RF, editors. Handbook of self-regulation: research, theory and applications. 2. New York: Guildford; 2011.
    1. Pursey K, Burrows TL, Stanwell P, Collins CE. How accurate is web-based self-reported height, weight, and body mass index in young adults? J Med Internet Res. 2014;16:e4. doi: 10.2196/jmir.2909.

Source: PubMed

Спонсоры и соавторы

Заболевания

Медикаментозные вмешательства

Подписаться