Convalescent Plasma Therapy for COVID-19: State of the Art

Daniele Focosi, Arthur O Anderson, Julian W Tang, Marco Tuccori, Daniele Focosi, Arthur O Anderson, Julian W Tang, Marco Tuccori

Abstract

Convalescent plasma (CP) therapy has been used since the early 1900s to treat emerging infectious diseases; its efficacy was later associated with the evidence that polyclonal neutralizing antibodies can reduce the duration of viremia. Recent large outbreaks of viral diseases for which effective antivirals or vaccines are still lacking has renewed the interest in CP as a life-saving treatment. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has led to the scaling up of CP therapy to unprecedented levels. Compared with historical usage, pathogen reduction technologies have now added an extra layer of safety to the use of CP, and new manufacturing approaches are being explored. This review summarizes historical settings of application, with a focus on betacoronaviruses, and surveys current approaches for donor selection and CP collection, pooling technologies, pathogen inactivation systems, and banking of CP. We additionally list the ongoing registered clinical trials for CP throughout the world and discuss the trial results published thus far.

Keywords: Ebola virus disease; Middle East respiratory syndrome; SARS; antibody-dependent enhancement; convalescent blood product; convalescent plasma; convalescent whole blood; coronavirus disease 2019; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; intravenous immunoglobulins; plaque reduction neutralization test.

Copyright © 2020 American Society for Microbiology.

Figures

FIG 1
FIG 1
Summary of possible convalescent blood products (CBP). (Adapted from reference with permission of Elsevier.)

References

    1. Dhama K, Khan S, Tiwari R, Sircar S, Bhat S, Malik YS, Singh KP, Chaicumpa W, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. 2020. Coronavirus disease 2019—COVID-19. Clin Microbiol Rev 33:e00028-20. doi:10.1128/CMR.00028-20.
    1. Musso D, Gubler DJ. 2016. Zika virus. Clin Microbiol Rev 29:487–524. doi:10.1128/CMR.00072-15.
    1. Vairo F, Haider N, Kock R, Ntoumi F, Ippolito G, Zumla A. 2019. Chikungunya: epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, management, and prevention. Infect Dis Clin North Am 33:1003–1025. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2019.08.006.
    1. Vogel OA, Manicassamy B. 2020. Broadly protective strategies against influenza viruses: universal vaccines and therapeutics. Front Microbiol 11:135. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.00135.
    1. Hoenen T, Groseth A, Feldmann H. 2019. Therapeutic strategies to target the Ebola virus life cycle. Nat Rev Microbiol 17:593–606. doi:10.1038/s41579-019-0233-2.
    1. Davis MR, McCreary EK, Pogue JM. 10 July 2020. That escalated quickly: remdesivir's place in therapy for COVID-19. Infect Dis Ther doi:10.1007/s40121-020-00318-1.
    1. Convertino I, Tuccori M, Ferraro S, Valdiserra G, Cappello E, Focosi D, Blandizzi C. 2020. Exploring pharmacological approaches for managing cytokine storm associated with pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome in COVID-19 patients. Crit Care 24:331. doi:10.1186/s13054-020-03020-3.
    1. Mair-Jenkins J, Saavedra-Campos M, Baillie JK, Cleary P, Khaw FM, Lim WS, Makki S, Rooney KD, Nguyen-Van-Tam JS, Beck CR, Convalescent Plasma Study Group. 2015. The effectiveness of convalescent plasma and hyperimmune immunoglobulin for the treatment of severe acute respiratory infections of viral etiology: a systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis. J Infect Dis 211:80–90. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiu396.
    1. Marson P, Cozza A, De Silvestro G. 12 June 2020. The true historical origin of convalescent plasma therapy. Transfus Apher Sci doi:10.1016/j.transci.2020.102847.
    1. Chen X, Zhao B, Qu Y, Chen Y, Xiong J, Feng Y, Men D, Huang Q, Liu Y, Yang B, Ding J, Li F. 17 April 2020. Detectable serum SARS-CoV-2 viral load (RNAaemia) is closely correlated with drastically elevated interleukin 6 (IL-6) level in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Clin Infect Dis doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa449.
    1. Cheng Y, Wong R, Soo YO, Wong WS, Lee CK, Ng MH, Chan P, Wong KC, Leung CB, Cheng G. 2005. Use of convalescent plasma therapy in SARS patients in Hong Kong. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 24:44–46. doi:10.1007/s10096-004-1271-9.
    1. Franchini M, Marano G, Velati C, Pati I, Pupella S, Liumbruno GM. 17 May 2020. Operational protocol for donation of anti-COVID-19 convalescent plasma in Italy. Vox Sang doi:10.1111/vox.12940.
    1. Harvala H, Robb M, Watkins N, Ijaz S, Dicks S, Patel M, Supasa P, Dejnirattisai W, Liu C, Mongkolsapaya J, Brown A, Bailey D, Vipond R, Grayson N, Temperton N, Bolton J, Fyfe A, Gopal R, Simmonds P, Screaton G, Thompson CP, Brooks T, Zambon M, Miflin G, Roberts D. 26 May 2020. Convalescent plasma therapy for the treatment of patients with COVID-19: assessment of methods available for antibody detection and their correlation with neutralising antibody levels. medRxiv .
    1. Phelan J, Deelder W, Ward D, Campino S, Hibberd ML, Clark TG. 2020. Controlling the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, insights from large scale whole genome sequences generated across the world. bioRxiv .
    1. Koyama T, Weeraratne D, Snowdon JL, Parida L. 2020. Emergence of drift variants that may affect COVID-19 vaccine development and antibody treatment. Pathogens 9:324. doi:10.3390/pathogens9050324.
    1. Zhang L, Jackson CB, Mou H, Ojha A, Rangarajan ES, Izard T, Farzan M, Choe H. 2020. The D614G mutation in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein reduces S1 shedding and increases infectivity. bioRxiv .
    1. Arabi YM, Hajeer AH, Luke T, Raviprakash K, Balkhy H, Johani S, Al-Dawood A, Al-Qahtani S, Al-Omari A, Al-Hameed F, Hayden FG, Fowler R, Bouchama A, Shindo N, Al-Khairy K, Carson G, Taha Y, Sadat M, Alahmadi M. 2016. Feasibility of using convalescent plasma immunotherapy for MERS-CoV infection, Saudi Arabia. Emerg Infect Dis 22:1554–1561. doi:10.3201/eid2209.151164.
    1. Salazar E, Kuchipudi SV, Christensen PA, Eagar TN, Yi X, Zhao P, Jin Z, Long SW, Olsen RJ, Chen J, Castillo B, Leveque C, Towers DM, Lavinder J, Gollihar JD, Cardona J, Ippolito GC, Nissly RH, Bird IM, Greenawalt D, Rossi RM, Gontu A, Srinivasan S, Poojary IB, Cattadori IM, Hudson PJ, Joselyn N, Prugar L, Huie K, Herbert A, Bernard DW, Dye J, Kapur V, Musser JM. 2020. Relationship between anti-Spike protein antibody titers and SARS-CoV-2 in vitro virus neutralization in convalescent plasma. bioRxiv .
    1. Klein S, Pekosz A, Park H-S, Ursin R, Shapiro J, Benner S, Littlefield K, Kumar S, Naik HM, Betenbaugh M, Shrestha R, Wu A, Hughes R, Burgess I, Caturegli P, Laeyendecker O, Quinn T, Sullivan D, Shoham S, Redd A, Bloch E, Casadevall A, Tobian A. 2020. Sex, age, and hospitalization drive antibody responses in a COVID-19 convalescent plasma donor population. medRxiv .
    1. Madariaga MLL, Guthmiller J, Schrantz S, Jansen M, Christenson C, Kumar M, Prochaska M, Wool G, Durkin A, Oh WH, Trockman L, Vigneswaran J, Keskey R, Shaw DG, Dugan H, Zheng N, Cobb M, Utset H, Wang J, Stovicek O, Bethel C, Matushek S, Giurcanu M, Beavis K, diSabato D, Meltzer D, Ferguson M, Kress JP, Shanmugarajah K, Matthews J, Fung J, Wilson P, Alverdy JC, Donington J. 2020. Clinical predictors of donor antibody titer and correlation with recipient antibody response in a COVID-19 convalescent plasma clinical trial. medRxiv .
    1. Robbiani DF, Gaebler C, Muecksch F, Cetrulo Lorenzi J, Wang Z, Cho A, Agudelo M, Barnes C, Finkin S, Hagglof T, Oliveira T, Viant C, Hurley A, Millard K, Kost R, Cipolla M, Gazumyan A, Gordon K, Bianchini F, Chen S, Ramos V, Patel R, Dizon J, Shimeliovich I, Mendoza P, Hartweger H, Nogueira L, Pack M, Horowitz J, Schmidt F, Weisblum Y, Hoffmann H-H, Michailidis E, Ashbrook A, Waltari EF, Pak J, Huey-Tubman K, Koranda N, Hoffman P, West A, Rice C, Hatziioannou T, Bjorkman P, Bieniasz P, Caskey M, Nussenzweig M. 2020. Convergent antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in convalescent individuals. bioRxiv .
    1. Knudson CM, Jackson JB. 6 May 2020. COVID-19 convalescent plasma: phase 2. Transfusion doi:10.1111/trf.15842.
    1. Seghatchian J, Lanza F. 22 April 2020. Convalescent plasma, an apheresis research project targeting and motivating the fully recovered COVID 19 patients: a rousing message of clinical benefit to both donors and recipients alike. Transfus Apher Sci doi:10.1016/j.transci.2020.102792.
    1. FDA. 2020. Recommendations for investigational COVID-19 convalescent plasma. .
    1. European Commission. 2020. An EU programme of COVID-19 convalescent plasma collection and transfusion: guidance on collection, testing, processing, storage, distribution and monitored use. European Commission, Brussels, Belgium.
    1. El-Ekiaby M, Sayed MA, Caron C, Burnouf S, El-Sharkawy N, Goubran H, Radosevich M, Goudemand J, Blum D, de Melo L, Soulié V, Adam J, Burnouf T. 2010. Solvent-detergent filtered (S/D-F) fresh frozen plasma and cryoprecipitate minipools prepared in a newly designed integral disposable processing bag system. Transfus Med 20:48–61. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3148.2009.00963.x.
    1. Burnouf T, Radosevich M, El-Ekiaby M, Satoh S, Sato T, Amin SN, Savidge GF, Goubran HA. 2003. Nanofiltration of single plasma donations: feasibility study. Vox Sang 84:111–119. doi:10.1046/j.1423-0410.2003.00265.x.
    1. Wong HK, Lee CK, Hung IF, Leung JN, Hong J, Yuen KY, Lin CK. 2010. Practical limitations of convalescent plasma collection: a case scenario in pandemic preparation for influenza A (H1N1) infection. Transfusion 50:1967–1971. doi:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010.02651.x.
    1. Singh Y, Sawyer LS, Pinkoski LS, Dupuis KW, Hsu JC, Lin L, Corash L. 2006. Photochemical treatment of plasma with amotosalen and long-wavelength ultraviolet light inactivates pathogens while retaining coagulation function. Transfusion 46:1168–1177. doi:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2006.00867.x.
    1. Bihm DJ, Ettinger A, Buytaert-Hoefen KA, Hendrix BK, Maldonado-Codina G, Rock G, Giclas PC, Goodrich RP. 2010. Characterization of plasma protein activity in riboflavin and UV light-treated fresh frozen plasma during 2 years of storage at −30°C. Vox Sang 98:108–115. doi:10.1111/j.1423-0410.2009.01238.x.
    1. Korneyeva M, Hotta J, Lebing W, Rosenthal RS, Franks L, Petteway SR. 2002. Enveloped virus inactivation by caprylate: a robust alternative to solvent-detergent treatment in plasma derived intermediates. Biologicals 30:153–162. doi:10.1006/biol.2002.0334.
    1. Dichtelmüller H, Rudnick D, Kloft M. 2002. Inactivation of lipid enveloped viruses by octanoic acid treatment of immunoglobulin solution. Biologicals 30:135–142. doi:10.1006/biol.2002.0332.
    1. Goubran HA, Burnouf T, Radosevich M. 2000. Virucidal heat-treatment of single plasma units: a potential approach for developing countries. Haemophilia 6:597–604. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2516.2000.00435.x.
    1. Watt G, Kantipong P, Jongsakul K, de Souza M, Burnouf T. 2001. Passive transfer of scrub typhus plasma to patients with AIDS: a descriptive clinical study. QJM 94:599–607. doi:10.1093/qjmed/94.11.599.
    1. Vittecoq D, Mattlinger B, Barre-Sinoussi F, Courouce AM, Rouzioux C, Doinel C, Bary M, Viard JP, Bach JF, Rouger P, Lefrere JJ. 1992. Passive immunotherapy in AIDS: a randomized trial of serial human immunodeficiency virus-positive transfusions of plasma rich in p24 antibodies versus transfusions of seronegative plasma. J Infect Dis 165:364–368. doi:10.1093/infdis/165.2.364.
    1. Vittecoq D, Chevret S, Morand-Joubert L, Heshmati F, Audat F, Bary M, Dusautoir T, Bismuth A, Viard JP, Barre-Sinoussi F. 1995. Passive immunotherapy in AIDS: a double-blind randomized study based on transfusions of plasma rich in anti-human immunodeficiency virus 1 antibodies vs. transfusions of seronegative plasma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92:1195–1199. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.4.1195.
    1. Radosevich M, Burnouf T. 2010. Intravenous immunoglobulin G: trends in production methods, quality control and quality assurance. Vox Sang 98:12–28. doi:10.1111/j.1423-0410.2009.01226.x.
    1. WHO. 2007. Annex 4. Recommendations for the collection, quality control and regulation of human plasma for fractionation. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 941:189–264.
    1. El-Ekiaby M, Radosevich M, Goubran H, El Sayed M, Burnouf T. 2009. New methods of plasma fractionation – a presentation of the “mini-pool” fractionation procedure developed in Egypt. ISBT Sci Ser 4:99–106. doi:10.1111/j.1751-2824.2009.01218.x.
    1. El-Ekiaby M, Vargas M, Sayed M, Gorgy G, Goubran H, Radosevic M, Burnouf T. 2015. Minipool caprylic acid fractionation of plasma using disposable equipment: a practical method to enhance immunoglobulin supply in developing countries. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9:e0003501. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003501.
    1. European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and Health Care. 2017. Guide to the preparation, use and quality assurance of blood components, 19th ed European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and Health Care, Strasbourg, France.
    1. Pinsky NA, Huddleston JM, Jacobson RM, Wollan PC, Poland GA. 2003. Effect of multiple freeze-thaw cycles on detection of measles, mumps, and rubella virus antibodies. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 10:19–21. doi:10.1128/cdli.10.1.19-21.2003.
    1. Im JH, Nahm CH, Baek JH, Kwon HY, Lee JS. 2020. Convalescent plasma therapy in coronavirus disease 2019: a case report and suggestions to overcome obstacles. J Korean Med Sci 35:e239. doi:10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e239.
    1. Liu W, Fontanet A, Zhang PH, Zhan L, Xin ZT, Baril L, Tang F, Lv H, Cao WC. 2006. Two-year prospective study of the humoral immune response of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. J Infect Dis 193:792–795. doi:10.1086/500469.
    1. Wu L-P, Wang N-C, Chang Y-H, Tian X-Y, Na D-Y, Zhang L-Y, Zheng L, Lan T, Wang L-F, Liang G-D. 2007. Duration of antibody responses after severe acute respiratory syndrome. Emerg Infect Dis 13:1562–1564. doi:10.3201/eid1310.070576.
    1. Zhang Z, Xie Y-W, Hong J, Zhang X, Kwok SY, Huang X, Wong SW, Wong B-L, Group S, SARSIg Group. 2005. Purification of severe acute respiratory syndrome hyperimmune globulins for intravenous injection from convalescent plasma. Transfusion 45:1160–1164. doi:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2005.00179.x.
    1. Yeh K-M, Chiueh T-S, Siu LK, Lin J-C, Chan PKS, Peng M-Y, Wan H-L, Chen J-H, Hu B-S, Perng C-L, Lu J-J, Chang F-Y. 2005. Experience of using convalescent plasma for severe acute respiratory syndrome among healthcare workers in a Taiwan hospital. J Antimicrob Chemother 56:919–922. doi:10.1093/jac/dki346.
    1. Soo YO, Cheng Y, Wong R, Hui DS, Lee CK, Tsang KK, Ng MH, Chan P, Cheng G, Sung JJ. 2004. Retrospective comparison of convalescent plasma with continuing high-dose methylprednisolone treatment in SARS patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 10:676–678. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2004.00956.x.
    1. Pinna D, Sampson-Johannes A, Clementi M, Poli G, Rossini S, Lin L, Vicenzi E. 2005. Amotosalen photochemical inactivation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in human platelet concentrates. Transfus Med 15:269–276. doi:10.1111/j.0958-7578.2005.00588.x.
    1. Eickmann M, Gravemann U, Handke W, Tolksdorf F, Reichenberg S, Muller TH, Seltsam A. 2020. Inactivation of three emerging viruses—severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus and Nipah virus—in platelet concentrates by ultraviolet C light and in plasma by methylene blue plus visible light. Vox Sang 115:146–151. doi:10.1111/vox.12888.
    1. Darnell ME, Taylor DR. 2006. Evaluation of inactivation methods for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in noncellular blood products. Transfusion 46:1770–1777. doi:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2006.00976.x.
    1. Yunoki M, Urayama T, Yamamoto I, Abe S, Ikuta K. 2004. Heat sensitivity of a SARS-associated coronavirus introduced into plasma products. Vox Sang 87:302–303. doi:10.1111/j.1423-0410.2004.00577.x.
    1. Rabenau HF, Biesert L, Schmidt T, Bauer G, Cinatl J, Doerr HW. 2005. SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the safety of a solvent/detergent (S/D) treated immunoglobulin preparation. Biologicals 33:95–99. doi:10.1016/j.biologicals.2005.01.003.
    1. Choe PG, Perera R, Park WB, Song KH, Bang JH, Kim ES, Kim HB, Ko LWR, Park SW, Kim NJ, Lau EHY, Poon LLM, Peiris M, Oh MD. 2017. MERS-CoV antibody responses 1 year after symptom onset, South Korea, 2015. Emerg Infect Dis 23:1079–1084. doi:10.3201/eid2307.170310.
    1. Ko JH, Seok H, Cho SY, Ha YE, Baek JY, Kim SH, Kim YJ, Park JK, Chung CR, Kang ES, Cho D, Muller MA, Drosten C, Kang CI, Chung DR, Song JH, Peck KR. 2018. Challenges of convalescent plasma infusion therapy in Middle East respiratory coronavirus infection: a single centre experience. Antivir Ther 23:617–622. doi:10.3851/IMP3243.
    1. Chun S, Chung CR, Ha YE, Han TH, Ki CS, Kang ES, Park JK, Peck KR, Cho D. 2016. Possible transfusion-related acute lung injury following convalescent plasma transfusion in a patient with Middle East respiratory syndrome. Ann Lab Med 36:393–395. doi:10.3343/alm.2016.36.4.393.
    1. Arabi Y, Balkhy H, Hajeer AH, Bouchama A, Hayden FG, Al-Omari A, Al-Hameed FM, Taha Y, Shindo N, Whitehead J, Merson L, AlJohani S, Al-Khairy K, Carson G, Luke TC, Hensley L, Al-Dawood A, Al-Qahtani S, Modjarrad K, Sadat M, Rohde G, Leport C, Fowler R. 2015. Feasibility, safety, clinical, and laboratory effects of convalescent plasma therapy for patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a study protocol. Springerplus 4:709. doi:10.1186/s40064-015-1490-9.
    1. Eickmann M, Gravemann U, Handke W, Tolksdorf F, Reichenberg S, Muller TH, Seltsam A. 2018. Inactivation of Ebola virus and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in platelet concentrates and plasma by ultraviolet C light and methylene blue plus visible light, respectively. Transfusion 58:2202–2207. doi:10.1111/trf.14652.
    1. Hindawi SI, Hashem AM, Damanhouri GA, El-Kafrawy SA, Tolah AM, Hassan AM, Azhar EI. 2018. Inactivation of Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus in human plasma using amotosalen and ultraviolet A light. Transfusion 58:52–59. doi:10.1111/trf.14422.
    1. Keil SD, Bowen R, Marschner S. 2016. Inactivation of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in plasma products using a riboflavin-based and ultraviolet light-based photochemical treatment. Transfusion 56:2948–2952. doi:10.1111/trf.13860.
    1. Leclercq I, Batejat C, Burguiere AM, Manuguerra JC. 2014. Heat inactivation of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 8:585–586. doi:10.1111/irv.12261.
    1. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G. 2020. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 395:1054–1062. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3.
    1. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, Zhao X, Huang B, Shi W, Lu R, Niu P, Zhan F, Ma X, Wang D, Xu W, Wu G, Gao GF, Tan W, China Novel Coronavirus Investigating and Research Team. 2020. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med 382:727–733. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001017.
    1. Casadevall A, Pirofski L-A. 2020. The convalescent sera option for containing COVID-19. J Clin Invest 130:1545–1548. doi:10.1172/JCI138003.
    1. Chen L, Xiong J, Bao L, Shi Y. 2020. Convalescent plasma as a potential therapy for COVID-19. Lancet Inf Dis 20:398–400. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30141-9.
    1. Sterlin D, Mathian A, Miyara M, Mohr A, Anna F, Claer L, Quentric P, Fadlallah J, Ghillani P, Gunn C, Hockett R, Mudumba S, Guihot A, Luyt C-E, Mayaux J, Beurton A, Fourati S, Lacorte J-M, Yssel H, Parizot C, Dorgham K, Charneau P, Amoura Z, Gorochov G. 2020. IgA dominates the early neutralizing antibody response to SARS-CoV-2. medRxiv .
    1. Guo L, Ren L, Yang S, Xiao M, Chang D, Yang F, Dela Cruz CS, Wang Y, Wu C, Xiao Y, Zhang L, Han L, Dang S, Xu Y, Yang Q, Xu S, Zhu H, Xu Y, Jin Q, Sharma L, Wang L, Wang J. 21 March 2020. Profiling early humoral response to diagnose novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Clin Infect Dis doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa310.
    1. Long Q-x, Deng H-j, Chen J, Hu J, Liu B-z, Liao P, Lin Y, Yu L-h, Mo Z, Xu Y-y, Gong F, Wu G-c, Zhang X-x, Chen Y-k, Li Z-j, Wang K, Zhang X-L, Tian W-g, Niu C-c, Yang Q-j, Xiang J-l, Du H-x, Liu H-w, Lang C, Luo X-h, Wu S-b, Cui X-p, Zhou Z, Wang J, Xue C-j, Li X-f, Wang L, Tang X-j, Zhang Y, Qiu J-f, Liu X-m, Li J-j, Zhang D-c, Zhang F, Cai X-f, Wang D, Hu Y, Ren J-h, Tang N, Liu P, Li Q, Huang A-l. 2020. Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patients: the perspective application of serological tests in clinical practice. medRxiv .
    1. Long Q-X, Liu B-Z, Deng H-J, Wu G-C, Deng K, Chen Y-K, Liao P, Qiu J-F, Lin Y, Cai X-F, Wang D-Q, Hu Y, Ren J-H, Tang N, Xu Y-Y, Yu L-H, Mo Z, Gong F, Zhang X-L, Tian W-G, Hu L, Zhang X-X, Xiang J-L, Du H-X, Liu H-W, Lang C-H, Luo X-H, Wu S-B, Cui X-P, Zhou Z, Zhu M-M, Wang J, Xue C-J, Li X-F, Wang L, Li Z-J, Wang K, Niu C-C, Yang Q-J, Tang X-J, Zhang Y, Liu X-M, Li J-J, Zhang D-C, Zhang F, Liu P, Yuan J, Li Q, Hu J-L, Chen J, Huang A-L. 2020. Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19. Nat Med 26:845–848. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0897-1.
    1. Zhao J, Yuan Q, Wang H, Liu W, Liao X, Su Y, Wang X, Yuan J, Li T, Li J, Qian S, Hong C, Wang F, Liu Y, Wang Z, He Q, Li Z, He B, Zhang T, Fu Y, Ge S, Liu L, Zhang J, Xia N, Zhang Z. 28 March 2020. Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients of novel coronavirus disease 2019. Clin Infect Dis doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa344.
    1. Advisory Committee on the Safety of Blood, Tissues and Organs. 2018. Guidelines from the expert advisory committee on the Safety of Blood, Tissues and Organs (SaBTO) on measures to protect patients from acquiring hepatitis E virus via transfusion or transplantation. .
    1. Suthar MS, Zimmerman M, Kauffman R, Mantus G, Linderman S, Vanderheiden A, Nyhoff L, Davis C, Adekunle S, Affer M, Sherman M, Reynolds S, Verkerke H, Alter DN, Guarner J, Bryksin J, Horwath M, Arthur C, Saakadze N, Smith GH, Edupuganti S, Scherer EM, Hellmeister K, Cheng A, Morales JA, Neish AS, Stowell SR, Frank F, Ortlund E, Anderson E, Menachery V, Rouphael N, Metha A, Stephens DS, Ahmed R, Roback J, Wrammert J. 2020. Rapid generation of neutralizing antibody responses in COVID-19 patients. medRxiv .
    1. Amanat F, Stadlbauer D, Strohmeier S, Nguyen THO, Chromikova V, McMahon M, Jiang K, Arunkumar GA, Jurczyszak D, Polanco J, Bermudez-Gonzalez M, Kleiner G, Aydillo T, Miorin L, Fierer DS, Lugo LA, Kojic EM, Stoever J, Liu STH, Cunningham-Rundles C, Felgner PL, Moran T, García-Sastre A, Caplivski D, Cheng AC, Kedzierska K, Vapalahti O, Hepojoki JM, Simon V, Krammer F. 2020. A serological assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in humans. Nat Med 26:1033–1036. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0913-5.
    1. Chan KH, Cheng VC, Woo PC, Lau SK, Poon LL, Guan Y, Seto WH, Yuen KY, Peiris JS. 2005. Serological responses in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection and cross-reactivity with human coronaviruses 229E, OC43, and NL63. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 12:1317–1321. doi:10.1128/CDLI.12.11.1317-1321.2005.
    1. Keil SD, Ragan I, Yonemura S, Hartson L, Dart NK, Bowen R. 20 April 2020. Inactivation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in plasma and platelet products using a riboflavin and ultraviolet light-based photochemical treatment. Vox Sang doi:10.1111/vox.12937.
    1. Andersson M, Arancibia - Carcamo CV, Auckland K, Baillie JK, Barnes E, Beneke T, Bibi S, Carroll M, Crook D, Dingle K, Dold C, Downs LO, Dunn L, Eyre DW, Gilbert Jaramillo J, Harvala Simmonds H, Hoosdally S, Ijaz S, James T, James W, Jeffery K, Justice A, Klenerman P, Knight JC, Knight M, Liu X, Lumley SF, Matthews PC, McNaughton AL, Mentzer AJ, Mongkolsapaya J, Oakley S, Oliveira MS, Peto T, Ploeg RJ, Ratcliff J, Roberts DJ, Rudkin J, Screaton G, Semple MG, Skelley DT, Simmonds P, Stoesser N, Turtle L, Wareing S, Zambon M. 2020. SARS-CoV-2 RNA detected in blood samples from patients with COVID-19 is not associated with infectious virus. medRxiv .
    1. Tonn T, Corman VM, Johnsen M, Richter A, Rodionov RN, Drosten C, Bornstein SR. 2020. Stability and neutralising capacity of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in convalescent plasma. Lancet Microbe 1:e63. doi:10.1016/S2666-5247(20)30037-9.
    1. Sandler SG, Mallory D, Malamut D, Eckrich R. 1995. IgA anaphylactic transfusion reactions. Transfus Med Rev 9:1–8. doi:10.1016/S0887-7963(05)80026-4.
    1. Barone P, DeSimone RA. 2020. Convalescent plasma to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): considerations for clinical trial design. Transfusion 60:1123–1127. doi:10.1111/trf.15843.
    1. Shen C, Wang Z, Zhao F, Yang Y, Li J, Yuan J, Wang F, Li D, Yang M, Xing L, Wei J, Xiao H, Yang Y, Qu J, Qing L, Chen L, Xu Z, Peng L, Li Y, Zheng H, Chen F, Huang K, Jiang Y, Liu D, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Liu L. 2020. Treatment of 5 critically ill patients with COVID-19 with convalescent plasma. JAMA 323:1582. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4783.
    1. Duan K, Liu B, Li C, Zhang H, Yu T, Qu J, Zhou M, Chen L, Meng S, Hu Y, Peng C, Yuan M, Huang J, Wang Z, Yu J, Gao X, Wang D, Yu X, Li L, Zhang J, Wu X, Li B, Xu Y, Chen W, Peng Y, Hu Y, Lin L, Liu X, Huang S, Zhou Z, Zhang L, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Deng K, Xia Z, Gong Q, Zhang W, Zheng X, Liu Y, Yang H, Zhou D, Yu D, Hou J, Shi Z, Chen S, Chen Z, Zhang X, Yang X. 2020. Effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy in severe COVID-19 patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 117:9490–9496. doi:10.1073/pnas.2004168117.
    1. Ye M, Fu D, Ren Y, Wang F, Wang D, Zhang F, Xia X, Lv T. 15 April 2020. Treatment with convalescent plasma for COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, China. J Med Virol doi:10.1002/jmv.25882.
    1. Pei S, Yuan X, Zhimin Zhang Z, Run Yao R, Xie Y, Minxue Shen M, Bijuan Li B, Chen X, Yin M. 2020. Convalescent plasma to Treat COVID-19: Chinese strategy and experiences. medRxiv .
    1. Zhang L, Pang R, Xue X, Bao J, Ye S, Dai Y, Zheng Y, Fu Q, Hu Z, Yi Y. 2020. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 virus antibody levels in convalescent plasma of six donors who have recovered from COVID-19. Aging (Albany NY) 12:6536–6542. doi:10.18632/aging.103102.
    1. Zeng Q-L, Yu Z-J, Gou J-J, Li G-M, Ma S-H, Zhang G-F, Xu J-H, Lin W-B, Cui G-L, Zhang M-M, Li C, Wang Z-S, Zhang Z-H, Liu Z-S. 2020. Effect of convalescent plasma therapy on viral shedding and survival in COVID-19 patients. J Infect Dis 222:38–43. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaa228.
    1. Kong Y, Cai C, Ling L, Zeng L, Wu M, Wu Y, Zhang W, Liu Z. 21 May 2020. Successful treatment of a centenarian with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) using convalescent plasma. Transfus Apher Sci doi:10.1016/j.transci.2020.102820.
    1. Ahn JY, Sohn Y, Lee SH, Cho Y, Hyun JH, Baek YJ, Jeong SJ, Kim JH, Ku NS, Yeom JS, Roh J, Ahn MY, Chin BS, Kim YS, Lee H, Yong D, Kim HO, Kim S, Choi JY. 2020. Use of convalescent plasma therapy in two COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in Korea. J Korean Med Sci 35:e149. doi:10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e149.
    1. Abdullah HM, Hama-Ali HH, Ahmed SN, Ali KM, Karadakhy KA, Mahmood SO, Mahmood ZH, Hamad Amin KQ, Atta PM, Nuradeen BE, Mohammed SH, Salih RQ, Baba HO, Kakamad FH. 2020. A severe refractory COVID-19 patient responding to convalescent plasma; a case series. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 56:125–127. doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2020.06.018.
    1. Olivares-Gazca JC, Priesca-Marín JM, Ojeda-Laguna M, Garces-Eisele J, Soto-Olvera S, Palacios-Alonso A, Izquierdo-Vega J, Chacon-Cano R, Arizpe-Bravo D, López-Trujillo MA, Cantero-Fortiz Y, Fernandez-Lara D, Ruiz-Delgado GJ, Ruiz-Argüelles GJ. 2020. Infusion of convalescent plasma is associated with clinical improvement in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a pilot study. Rev Invest Clin 72:159–164. doi:10.24875/RIC.20000237.
    1. Erkurt MA, Sarici A, Berber İ, Kuku İ, Kaya E, Özgül M. 27 June 2020. Life-saving effect of convalescent plasma treatment in covid-19 disease: clinical trial from eastern Anatolia. Transfus Apher Sci doi:10.1016/j.transci.2020.102867.
    1. Jiang J, Miao Y, Zhao Y, Lu X, Zhou P, Zhou X, Chen Z, Du D. 30 June 2020. Convalescent plasma therapy: helpful treatment of COVID-19 in a kidney transplant recipient presenting with serve clinical manifestation and complex complications. Clin Transplant doi:10.1111/ctr.14025.
    1. Figlerowicz M, Mania A, Lubarski K, Lewandowska Z, Służewski W, Derwich K, Wachowiak J, Mazur-Melewska K. 1 July 2020. First case of convalescent plasma transfusion in a child with COVID-19-associated severe aplastic anemia. Transfus Apher Sci doi:10.1016/j.transci.2020.102866.
    1. Mira E, Yarce OA, Ortega C, Fernández S, Pascual NM, Gómez C, Alvarez MA, Molina IJ, Lama R, Santamaria M. 8 July 2020. Rapid recovery of a SARS-CoV-2 infected X-linked agammaglobulinemia patient after infusion of COVID-19 convalescent plasma. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2020.06.046.
    1. Clark E, Guilpain P, Filip L, Pansu N, Le Bihan C, Cartron G, Tchernonog E, Roubille C, Morquin D, Makinson A, Tuaillon E, Le Moing V. 27 June 2020. Convalescent plasma for persisting Covid-19 following therapeutic lymphocyte depletion: a report of rapid recovery. Br J Haematol doi:10.1111/bjh.16981.
    1. Hegerova L, Gooley T, Sweerus KA, Maree CL, Bailey N, Bailey M, Dunleavy V, Patel K, Alcorn K, Haley NR, Johnsen JM, Konkle BA, Lahti AC, Alexander ML, Goldman JD, Lipke A, Lim S-J, Sullivan MD, Pauk JS, Pagel JM. 19 June 2020. Use of convalescent plasma in hospitalized patients with Covid-19—case series. Blood doi:10.1182/blood.2020006964.
    1. Hartman W, Hess AS, Connor JP. 2020. Hospitalized COVID-19 patients treated with convalescent plasma in a mid-size city in the midwest. medRxiv .
    1. Çınar OE, Sayınalp B, Karakulak EA, Karataş AA, Velet M, İnkaya AÇ, Ersoy Ortaç NE, Öcal S, Aksu S, Haznedaroğlu İC, Sayınalp N, Özcebe Oİ. 29 May 2020. Convalescent (immune) plasma treatment in a myelodysplastic COVID-19 patient with disseminated tuberculosis. Transfus Apher Sci doi:10.1016/j.transci.2020.102821.
    1. Anderson J, Schauer J, Bryant S, Graves CR. 2020. The use of convalescent plasma therapy and remdesivir in the successful management of a critically ill obstetric patient with novel coronavirus 2019 infection: a case report. Case Rep Womens Health 27:e00221. doi:10.1016/j.crwh.2020.e00221.
    1. Niu A, McDougal A, Ning B, Safa F, Luk A, Mushatt DM, Nachabe A, Zwezdaryk KJ, Robinson J, Peterson T, Socola F, Safah H, Hu T, Saba NS. 15 June 2020. COVID-19 in allogeneic stem cell transplant: high false-negative probability and role of CRISPR and convalescent plasma. Bone Marrow Transplant doi:10.1038/s41409-020-0972-8.
    1. Perotti C, Del Fante C, Baldanti F, Franchini M, Percivalle E, Vecchio Nepita E, Seminari E, De Silvestri A, Bruno R, Klersy C. 28 May 2020. Plasma from donors recovered from the new coronavirus 2019 as therapy for critical patients with COVID-19 (COVID-19 plasma study): a multicentre study protocol. Intern Emerg Med doi:10.1007/s11739-020-02384-2.
    1. Perotti C, Baldanti F, Bruno R, Delfante C, Seminari E, Casari S, Percivalle E, Glingani C, Musella V, Belliato M, Garuti M, Meloni F, Frigato M, Di Sabatino A, Klersy C, De Donno G, Franchini M. 2020. Mortality reduction in 46 severe Covid-19 patients treated with hyperimmune plasma. A proof of concept single arm multicenter interventional trial. medRxiv .
    1. Xia X, Li K, Wu L, Wang Z, Zhu M, Huang B, Li J, Wang Z, Wu W, Wu M, Li W, Li L, Cai Y, Bosco B, Zhong A, Liu X, Lv T, Gan Z, Chen G, Pan Y, Liu C, Zhang K, Xu X, Wang C, Wang Q. 23 June 2020. Improved clinical symptoms and mortality on severe/critical COVID-19 patients utilizing convalescent plasma transfusion. Blood doi:10.1182/blood.2020007079.
    1. Liu STH, Lin H-M, Baine I, Wajnberg A, Gumprecht JP, Rahman F, Rodriguez D, Tandon P, Bassily-Marcus A, Bander J, Sanky C, Dupper A, Zheng A, Altman DR, Chen BK, Krammer F, Mendu DR, Firpo-Betancourt A, Levin MA, Bagiella E, Casadevall A, Cordon-Cardo C, Jhang JS, Arinsburg SA, Reich DL, Aberg JA, Bouvier NM. 2020. Convalescent plasma treatment of severe COVID-19: a matched control study. medRxiv .
    1. Li L, Zhang W, Hu Y, Tong X, Zheng S, Yang J, Kong Y, Ren L, Wei Q, Mei H, Hu C, Tao C, Yang R, Wang J, Yu Y, Guo Y, Wu X, Xu Z, Zeng L, Xiong N, Chen L, Wang J, Man N, Liu Y, Xu H, Deng E, Zhang X, Li C, Wang C, Su S, Zhang L, Wang J, Wu Y, Liu Z. 3 June 2020. Effect of convalescent plasma therapy on time to clinical improvement in patients with severe and life-threatening COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA doi:10.1001/jama.2020.10044.
    1. Joyner MJ, Wright RS, Fairweather D, Senefeld JW, Bruno KA, Klassen SA, Carter RE, Klompas AM, Wiggins CC, Shepherd JR, Rea RF, Whelan ER, Clayburn AJ, Spiegel MR, Johnson PW, Lesser ER, Baker SE, Larson KF, Ripoll JG, Andersen KJ, Hodge DO, Kunze KL, Buras MR, Vogt MN, Herasevich V, Dennis JJ, Regimbal RJ, Bauer PR, Blair JE, van Buskirk CM, Winters JL, Stubbs JR, Paneth NS, Verdun NC, Marks P, Casadevall A. 11 June 2020. Early safety indicators of COVID-19 convalescent plasma in 5,000 patients. J Clin Invest doi:10.1172/jci140200.
    1. Joyner MJ, Bruno KA, Klassen SA, Kunze KL, Johnson PW, Lesser ER, Wiggins CC, Senefeld JW, Klompas AM, Hodge DO, Shepherd JR, Rea RF, Whelan ER, Clayburn AJ, Spiegel MR, Baker SE, Larson KF, Ripoll JG, Andersen KJ, Buras MR, Vogt MN, Herasevich V, Dennis JJ, Regimbal RJ, Bauer PR, Blair JE, van Buskirk CM, Winters JL, Stubbs JR, van Helmond N, Butterfield BP, Sexton M, Diaz Soto J, Paneth NS, Verdun NC, Marks P, Casadevall A, Fairweather D, Carter RE, Wright RS. 19 July 2020. Safety update: COVID-19 convalescent plasma in 20,000 hospitalized patients. Mayo Clin Proc doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.06.028.
    1. Salazar E, Perez KK, Ashraf M, Chen J, Castillo B, Christensen PA, Eubank T, Bernard DW, Eagar TN, Long SW, Subedi S, Olsen RJ, Leveque C, Schwartz MR, Dey M, Chavez-East C, Rogers J, Shehabeldin A, Joseph D, Williams G, Thomas K, Masud F, Talley C, Dlouhy KG, Lopez BV, Hampton C, Lavinder J, Gollihar JD, Maranhao AC, Ippolito GC, Saavedra MO, Cantu CC, Yerramilli P, Pruitt L, Musser JM. 27 May 2020. Treatment of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) patients with convalescent plasma. Am J Pathol doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.05.014.
    1. Kesici S, Yavuz S, Bayrakci B. 2020. Get rid of the bad first: therapeutic plasma exchange with convalescent plasma for severe COVID-19. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 117:12526–12527. doi:10.1073/pnas.2006691117.
    1. Keith P, Day M, Choe C, Perkins L, Moyer L, Hays E, French M, Hewitt K, Gravel G, Guffey A, Scott LK. 2020. The successful use of therapeutic plasma exchange for severe COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome with multiple organ failure. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 8:2050313x20933473. doi:10.1177/2050313X20933473.
    1. Zhang L, Zhai H, Ma S, Chen J, Gao Y. 26 May 2020. Efficacy of therapeutic plasma exchange in severe COVID-19 patients. Br J Haematol doi:10.1111/bjh.16890.
    1. Shi H, Zhou C, He P, Huang S, Duan Y, Wang X, Lin K, Zhou C, Zhang X, Zha Y. 13 April 2020. Successful treatment of plasma exchange followed by intravenous immunoglobulin in a critically ill patient with 2019 novel coronavirus infection. Int J Antimicrob Agents doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105974.
    1. Ma J, Xia P, Zhou Y, Liu Z, Zhou X, Wang J, Li T, Yan X, Chen L, Zhang S, Qin Y, Li X. 2020. Potential effect of blood purification therapy in reducing cytokine storm as a late complication of critically ill COVID-19. Clin Immunol 214:108408. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2020.108408.
    1. Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd. 2020. Rajeev Venkayya, President, Global Vaccine Business Unit on the latest on the coronavirus and Takeda. .
    1. . 2019. Is it time to rethink UK restrictions on blood donation? EClinicalMedicine 15:1–2. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2019.10.014.
    1. Hewitt PE, Ijaz S, Brailsford SR, Brett R, Dicks S, Haywood B, Kennedy IT, Kitchen A, Patel P, Poh J, Russell K, Tettmar KI, Tossell J, Ushiro-Lumb I, Tedder RS. 2014. Hepatitis E virus in blood components: a prevalence and transmission study in southeast England. Lancet 384:1766–1773. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61034-5.
    1. Said B, Usdin M, Warburton F, Ijaz S, Tedder RS, Morgan D. 2017. Pork products associated with human infection caused by an emerging phylotype of hepatitis E virus in England and Wales. Epidemiol Infect 145:2417–2423. doi:10.1017/S0950268817001388.
    1. Tedder RS, Ijaz S, Kitchen A, Ushiro-Lumb I, Tettmar KI, Hewitt P, Andrews N. 2017. Hepatitis E risks: pigs or blood—that is the question. Transfusion 57:267–272. doi:10.1111/trf.13976.
    1. Yilla M, Harcourt BH, Hickman CJ, McGrew M, Tamin A, Goldsmith CS, Bellini WJ, Anderson LJ. 2005. SARS-coronavirus replication in human peripheral monocytes/macrophages. Virus Res 107:93–101. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2004.09.004.
    1. Takada A, Ebihara H, Feldmann H, Geisbert TW, Kawaoka Y. 2007. Epitopes required for antibody-dependent enhancement of Ebola virus infection. J Infect Dis 196:S347–S356. doi:10.1086/520581.
    1. Takada A, Feldmann H, Ksiazek TG, Kawaoka Y. 2003. Antibody-dependent enhancement of Ebola virus infection. J Virol 77:7539–7544. doi:10.1128/jvi.77.13.7539-7544.2003.
    1. Yuan FF, Tanner J, Chan PKS, Biffin S, Dyer WB, Geczy AF, Tang JW, Hui DSC, Sung JJY, Sullivan JS. 2005. Influence of FcγRIIA and MBL polymorphisms on severe acute respiratory syndrome. Tissue Antigens 66:291–296. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0039.2005.00476.x.
    1. Zhang B, Zhou X, Zhu C, Feng F, Qiu Y, Feng J, Jia Q, Song Q, Zhu B, Wang J. 2020. Immune phenotyping based on neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and IgG predicts disease severity and outcome for patients with COVID-19. medRxiv .
    1. Tan W, Lu Y, Zhang J, Wang J, Dan Y, Tan Z, He X, Qian C, Sun Q, Hu Q, Liu H, Ye S, Xiang X, Zhou Y, Zhang W, Guo Y, Wang X-H, He W, Wan X, Sun F, Wei Q, Chen C, Pan G, Xia J, Mao Q, Chen Y, Deng G. 2020. Viral kinetics and antibody responses in patients with COVID-19. medRxiv .
    1. Jiang H-W, Li Y, Zhang H-N, Wang W, Men D, Yang X, Qi H, Zhou J, Tao S-C. 2020. Global profiling of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG/IgM responses of convalescents using a proteome microarray. medRxiv .
    1. Wang X, Guo X, Xin Q, Pan Y, Li J, Chu Y, Feng Y, Wang Q. 2020. Neutralizing antibodies responses to SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 inpatients and convalescent patients. medRxiv .
    1. Wu F, Wang A, Liu M, Wang Q, Chen J, Xia S, Ling Y, Zhang Y, Xun J, Lu L, Jiang S, Lu H, Wen Y, Huang J. 2020. Neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in a COVID-19 recovered patient cohort and their implications. medRxiv .
    1. Zhou W, Wang W, Wang H, Lu R, Tan W. 2013. First infection by all four non-severe acute respiratory syndrome human coronaviruses takes place during childhood. BMC Infect Dis 13:433. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-13-433.
    1. Ng K, Faulkner N, Cornish G, Rosa A, Earl C, Wrobel A, Benton D, Roustan C, Bolland W, Thompson R, Agua-Doce A, Hobson P, Heaney J, Rickman H, Paraskevopoulou S, Houlihan CF, Thomson K, Sanchez E, Shin GY, Spyer MJ, Walker PA, Kjaer S, Riddell A, Beale R, Swanton C, Gandhi S, Stockinger B, Gamblin S, McCoy LE, Cherepanov P, Nastouli E, Kassiotis G. 2020. Pre-existing and de novo humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in humans. bioRxiv .
    1. Wang S-F, Tseng S-P, Yen C-H, Yang J-Y, Tsao C-H, Shen C-W, Chen K-H, Liu F-T, Liu W-T, Chen Y-M, Huang JC. 2014. Antibody-dependent SARS coronavirus infection is mediated by antibodies against spike proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 451:208–214. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.07.090.
    1. Lee N, Chan PKS, Ip M, Wong E, Ho J, Ho C, Cockram CS, Hui DS. 2006. Anti-SARS-CoV IgG response in relation to disease severity of severe acute respiratory syndrome. J Clin Virol 35:179–184. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2005.07.005.
    1. Iwasaki A, Yang Y. 2020. The potential danger of suboptimal antibody responses in COVID-19. Nat Rev Immunol 20:339–341. doi:10.1038/s41577-020-0321-6.
    1. Chakraborty S, Edwards K, Buzzanco AS, Memoli MJ, Sherwood R, Mallajosyula V, Xie MM, Gonzalez J, Buffone C, Kathale N, Providenza S, Jagannathan P, Andrews JR, Blish CA, Krammer F, Dugan H, Wilson PC, Pham TD, Boyd SD, Zhang S, Taubenberger JK, Morales T, Schapiro JM, Parsonnet J, Wang TT. 2020. Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections display specific IgG Fc structures. medRxiv .
    1. Larsen MD, de Graaf EL, Sonneveld ME, Plomp HR, Linty F, Visser R, Brinkhaus M, Sustic T, deTaeye SW, Bentlage AEH, Nouta J, Natunen S, Koeleman CAM, Sainio S, Kootstra NA, Brouwer PJM, Sanders RW, van Gils MJ, de Bruin S, Vlaar APJ, Zaaijer HL, Wuhrer M, van der Schoot CE, Vidarsson G. 2020. Afucosylated immunoglobulin G responses are a hallmark of enveloped virus infections and show an exacerbated phenotype in COVID-19. bioRxiv .
    1. Wichmann D, Sperhake JP, Lutgehetmann M, Steurer S, Edler C, Heinemann A, Heinrich F, Mushumba H, Kniep I, Schroder AS, Burdelski C, de Heer G, Nierhaus A, Frings D, Pfefferle S, Becker H, Bredereke-Wiedling H, de Weerth A, Paschen HR, Sheikhzadeh-Eggers S, Stang A, Schmiedel S, Bokemeyer C, Addo MM, Aepfelbacher M, Puschel K, Kluge S. 6 May 2020. Autopsy findings and venous thromboembolism in patients with COVID-19: a prospective cohort study. Ann Intern Med doi:10.7326/m20-2003.
    1. Díez J-M, Romero C, Gajardo R. 2020. Currently available intravenous immunoglobulin (Gamunex©-C and Flebogamma© DIF) contains antibodies reacting against SARS-CoV-2 antigens. bioRxiv .
    1. Cao W, Liu X, Bai T, Fan H, Hong K, Song H, Han Y, Lin L, Ruan L, Li T. 2020. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin as a therapeutic option for deteriorating patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Open Forum Infect Dis 7:ofaa102. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofaa102.
    1. Cheng Y, Cheng G, Chui CH, Lau FY, Chan PKS, Ng MHL, Sung JJY, Wong R. 2005. ABO blood group and susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome. JAMA 293:1450–1451. doi:10.1001/jama.293.12.1450-c.
    1. Guillon P, Clément M, Sébille V, Rivain J-G, Chou C-F, Ruvoën-Clouet N, Le Pendu J. 2008. Inhibition of the interaction between the SARS-CoV Spike protein and its cellular receptor by anti-histo-blood group antibodies. Glycobiology 18:1085–1093. doi:10.1093/glycob/cwn093.
    1. Neil SJ, McKnight A, Gustafsson K, Weiss RA. 2005. HIV-1 incorporates ABO histo-blood group antigens that sensitize virions to complement-mediated inactivation. Blood 105:4693–4699. doi:10.1182/blood-2004-11-4267.
    1. Breiman A, Ruvën-Clouet N, Le Pendu J. 2020. Harnessing the natural anti-glycan immune response to limit the transmission of enveloped viruses such as SARS-CoV-2. PLoS Pathog 16:e1008556. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1008556.
    1. Han DP, Lohani M, Cho MW. 2007. Specific asparagine-linked glycosylation sites are critical for DC-SIGN- and L-SIGN-mediated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus entry. J Virol 81:12029–12039. doi:10.1128/JVI.00315-07.
    1. Kumar S, Maurya VK, Prasad AK, Bhatt MLB, Saxena SK. 2020. Structural, glycosylation and antigenic variation between 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) and SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Virusdisease 31:13–21. doi:10.1007/s13337-020-00571-5.
    1. Zhao J, Yang Y, Huang H, Li D, Gu D, Lu X, Zhang Z, Liu L, Liu T, Liu Y, He Y, Sun B, Wei M, Yang G, Wang X, Zhang L, Zhou X, Xing M, Wang PG. 2020. Relationship between the ABO blood group and the COVID-19 susceptibility. medRxiv .
    1. Li J, Wang X, Chen J, Cai Y, Deng A, Yang M. 2020. Association between ABO blood groups and risk of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. Br J Haematol 190:24–27. doi:10.1111/bjh.16797.
    1. Zeng X, Fan H, Lu D, Huang F, Meng X, Li Z, Tang M, Zhang J, Liu N, Liu Z, Zhao J, Yin W, An Q, Zhang X, Hu X. 2020. Association between ABO blood groups and clinical outcome of coronavirus disease 2019: evidence from two cohorts. medRxiv .
    1. Zietz M, Tatonetti NP. 2020. Testing the association between blood type and COVID-19 infection, intubation, and death. medRxiv .
    1. Ellinghaus D, Degenhardt F, Bujanda L, Buti M, Albillos A, Invernizzi P, Fernández J, Prati D, Baselli G, Asselta R, Grimsrud MM, Milani C, Aziz F, Kässens J, May S, Wendorff M, Wienbrandt L, Uellendahl-Werth F, Zheng T, Yi X, de Pablo R, Chercoles AG, Palom A, Garcia-Fernandez AE, Rodriguez-Frias F, Zanella A, Bandera A, Protti A, Aghemo A, Lleo A, Biondi A, Caballero-Garralda A, Gori A, Tanck A, Carreras Nolla A, Latiano A, Fracanzani AL, Peschuck A, Julià A, Pesenti A, Voza A, Jiménez D, Mateos B, Nafria Jimenez B, Quereda C, Paccapelo C, Gassner C, Angelini C, Cea C, Solier A, et al. 17 June 2020. Genomewide association study of severe COVID-19 with respiratory failure. N Engl J Med doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2020283.
    1. Tendulkar AA, Jain PA, Velaye S. 2017. Antibody titers in group O platelet donors. Asian J Transfus Sci 11:22–27. doi:10.4103/0973-6247.200765.
    1. de França NDG, Poli MCC, Ramos P, Borsoi C, Colella R. 2011. Titers of ABO antibodies in group O blood donors. Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter 33:259–262. doi:10.5581/1516-8484.20110073.
    1. Dai X. 28 April 2020. ABO blood group predisposes to COVID-19 severity and cardiovascular diseases. Eur J Prev Cardiol doi:10.1177/2047487320922370.
    1. Delanghe JR, De Buyzere ML, Speeckaert MM. 27 May 2020. C3 and ACE1 polymorphisms are more important confounders in the spread and outcome of COVID-19 in comparison with ABO polymorphism. Eur J Prev Cardiol doi:10.1177/2047487320931305.
    1. Focosi D. 9 June 2020. Anti-A isohemagglutinin titers and SARS-CoV2 neutralization: implications for children and convalescent plasma selection. Br J Haematol doi:10.1111/bjh.16932.
    1. Burnouf T, Seghatchian J. 2014. Ebola virus convalescent blood products: where we are now and where we may need to go. Transfus Apher Sci 51:120–125. doi:10.1016/j.transci.2014.10.003.

Source: PubMed

Спонсоры и соавторы

Заболевания

Медикаментозные вмешательства

Подписаться