GPR120 is an omega-3 fatty acid receptor mediating potent anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing effects
Da Young Oh, Saswata Talukdar, Eun Ju Bae, Takeshi Imamura, Hidetaka Morinaga, WuQiang Fan, Pingping Li, Wendell J Lu, Steven M Watkins, Jerrold M Olefsky, Da Young Oh, Saswata Talukdar, Eun Ju Bae, Takeshi Imamura, Hidetaka Morinaga, WuQiang Fan, Pingping Li, Wendell J Lu, Steven M Watkins, Jerrold M Olefsky
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids (omega-3 FAs), DHA and EPA, exert anti-inflammatory effects, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we show that the G protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120) functions as an omega-3 FA receptor/sensor. Stimulation of GPR120 with omega-3 FAs or a chemical agonist causes broad anti-inflammatory effects in monocytic RAW 264.7 cells and in primary intraperitoneal macrophages. All of these effects are abrogated by GPR120 knockdown. Since chronic macrophage-mediated tissue inflammation is a key mechanism for insulin resistance in obesity, we fed obese WT and GPR120 knockout mice a high-fat diet with or without omega-3 FA supplementation. The omega-3 FA treatment inhibited inflammation and enhanced systemic insulin sensitivity in WT mice, but was without effect in GPR120 knockout mice. In conclusion, GPR120 is a functional omega-3 FA receptor/sensor and mediates potent insulin sensitizing and antidiabetic effects in vivo by repressing macrophage-induced tissue inflammation.
Copyright 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Figures
![FIG. 1. Expression level of GPR120 and…](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/2956412/bin/nihms-232775-f0001.jpg)
![FIG. 2. Omega-3 FA stimulates GPR120 and…](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/2956412/bin/nihms-232775-f0002.jpg)
FIG. 3. GPR120 internalization with β-arrestin2 mediates…
FIG. 3. GPR120 internalization with β-arrestin2 mediates anti-inflammatory effects
(A) RAW 264.7 cells were transfected…
FIG. 4. GPR120 activation enhances GLUT4 translocation…
FIG. 4. GPR120 activation enhances GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake
(A) 3T3-L1 adipocytes were transfected…
FIG. 5. In vivo metabolic studies in…
FIG. 5. In vivo metabolic studies in GPR120 KO mice
(A) GTT in NC-fed WT…
FIG. 6. Omega-3 FA enriched diet decreases…
FIG. 6. Omega-3 FA enriched diet decreases inflammatory macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue
(A) Confocal…
FIG. 7. M1 and M2 inflammatory gene…
FIG. 7. M1 and M2 inflammatory gene expression levels in adipose tissue from WT vs.…
- Fishing out a sensor for anti-inflammatory oils.Saltiel AR. Saltiel AR. Cell. 2010 Sep 3;142(5):672-4. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.08.022. Cell. 2010. PMID: 20813253
- A Gpr120-selective agonist improves insulin resistance and chronic inflammation in obese mice.Oh DY, Walenta E, Akiyama TE, Lagakos WS, Lackey D, Pessentheiner AR, Sasik R, Hah N, Chi TJ, Cox JM, Powels MA, Di Salvo J, Sinz C, Watkins SM, Armando AM, Chung H, Evans RM, Quehenberger O, McNelis J, Bogner-Strauss JG, Olefsky JM. Oh DY, et al. Nat Med. 2014 Aug;20(8):942-7. doi: 10.1038/nm.3614. Epub 2014 Jul 6. Nat Med. 2014. PMID: 24997608 Free PMC article.
- Role of Host GPR120 in Mediating Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acid Inhibition of Prostate Cancer.Liang P, Henning SM, Guan J, Grogan T, Elashoff D, Olefsky JM, Cohen P, Aronson WJ. Liang P, et al. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2019 Jan 1;111(1):52-59. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djy125. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2019. PMID: 30202902 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
- Effects of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on orthotopic prostate cancer progression, tumor associated macrophages, angiogenesis and T-cell activation-dependence on GPR120.Liang P, Henning SM, Grogan T, Elashoff D, Ye H, Cohen P, Aronson WJ. Liang P, et al. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2022 Sep;25(3):539-546. doi: 10.1038/s41391-021-00440-2. Epub 2022 Jan 24. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2022. PMID: 35075215 Free PMC article.
- Omega 3 fatty acids and GPR120.Oh DY, Olefsky JM. Oh DY, et al. Cell Metab. 2012 May 2;15(5):564-5. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.04.009. Cell Metab. 2012. PMID: 22560206 Free PMC article. Review.
- GPR120 agonists for the treatment of diabetes: a patent review (2014 present).Zhang X, Macielag MJ. Zhang X, et al. Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2020 Oct;30(10):729-742. doi: 10.1080/13543776.2020.1811852. Epub 2020 Aug 30. Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2020. PMID: 32799609 Review.
- GPR120 promotes neutrophil control of intestinal bacterial infection.Zhou Z, Yang W, Yu T, Yu Y, Zhao X, Yu Y, Gu C, Bilotta AJ, Yao S, Zhao Q, Golovko G, Li M, Cong Y. Zhou Z, et al. Gut Microbes. 2023 Jan-Dec;15(1):2190311. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2190311. Gut Microbes. 2023. PMID: 36927391 Free PMC article.
- Metabolic landscape in cardiac aging: insights into molecular biology and therapeutic implications.Xie S, Xu SC, Deng W, Tang Q. Xie S, et al. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2023 Mar 14;8(1):114. doi: 10.1038/s41392-023-01378-8. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2023. PMID: 36918543 Free PMC article. Review.
- GPCR in Adipose Tissue Function-Focus on Lipolysis.Malfacini D, Pfeifer A. Malfacini D, et al. Biomedicines. 2023 Feb 16;11(2):588. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11020588. Biomedicines. 2023. PMID: 36831123 Free PMC article. Review.
- Restoring Epigenetic Reprogramming with Diet and Exercise to Improve Health-Related Metabolic Diseases.Abraham MJ, El Sherbini A, El-Diasty M, Askari S, Szewczuk MR. Abraham MJ, et al. Biomolecules. 2023 Feb 7;13(2):318. doi: 10.3390/biom13020318. Biomolecules. 2023. PMID: 36830687 Free PMC article. Review.
- Factors Affecting Gut Microbiota of Puppies from Birth to Weaning.Balouei F, Stefanon B, Sgorlon S, Sandri M. Balouei F, et al. Animals (Basel). 2023 Feb 6;13(4):578. doi: 10.3390/ani13040578. Animals (Basel). 2023. PMID: 36830365 Free PMC article. Review.
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
- 3T3-L1 Cells
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents / administration & dosage
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents / metabolism
- Cell Line
- Dietary Fats / metabolism
- Dietary Supplements
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / administration & dosage*
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / metabolism*
- Humans
- Hypoglycemic Agents / administration & dosage
- Hypoglycemic Agents / metabolism
- Insulin Resistance*
- Macrophages / immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Obesity / complications
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / metabolism*
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents
- Dietary Fats
- FFAR4 protein, mouse
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3
- Hypoglycemic Agents
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
- BioSystems
- GEO Profiles
- Gene
- Gene (GeneRIF)
- Gene (nucleotide/PMC)
- HomoloGene
- MedGen
- Nucleotide
- Nucleotide
- Nucleotide (RefSeq)
- Nucleotide (RefSeq)
- Nucleotide (Weighted)
- Protein
- Protein (RefSeq)
- Protein (Weighted)
- PubChem Compound
- PubChem Compound (MeSH Keyword)
- PubChem Substance
- Taxonomy via GenBank
- UniGene
- P01 DK074868-02/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
- DK033651/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
- P01 DK074868/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
- R37 DK033651-26/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
- U54 HD012303-25A1/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States
- R37 DK033651-27/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
- R01 DK033651/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
- U54 HD012303-28/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States
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- U54 HD 012303-25/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States
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- Full Text Sources
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NCBI Literature Resources
The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.
National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894
![FIG. 3. GPR120 internalization with β-arrestin2 mediates…](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/2956412/bin/nihms-232775-f0003.jpg)
![FIG. 4. GPR120 activation enhances GLUT4 translocation…](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/2956412/bin/nihms-232775-f0004.jpg)
FIG. 5. In vivo metabolic studies in…
FIG. 5. In vivo metabolic studies in GPR120 KO mice
(A) GTT in NC-fed WT…
FIG. 6. Omega-3 FA enriched diet decreases…
FIG. 6. Omega-3 FA enriched diet decreases inflammatory macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue
(A) Confocal…
FIG. 7. M1 and M2 inflammatory gene…
FIG. 7. M1 and M2 inflammatory gene expression levels in adipose tissue from WT vs.…
- Fishing out a sensor for anti-inflammatory oils.Saltiel AR. Saltiel AR. Cell. 2010 Sep 3;142(5):672-4. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.08.022. Cell. 2010. PMID: 20813253
- A Gpr120-selective agonist improves insulin resistance and chronic inflammation in obese mice.Oh DY, Walenta E, Akiyama TE, Lagakos WS, Lackey D, Pessentheiner AR, Sasik R, Hah N, Chi TJ, Cox JM, Powels MA, Di Salvo J, Sinz C, Watkins SM, Armando AM, Chung H, Evans RM, Quehenberger O, McNelis J, Bogner-Strauss JG, Olefsky JM. Oh DY, et al. Nat Med. 2014 Aug;20(8):942-7. doi: 10.1038/nm.3614. Epub 2014 Jul 6. Nat Med. 2014. PMID: 24997608 Free PMC article.
- Role of Host GPR120 in Mediating Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acid Inhibition of Prostate Cancer.Liang P, Henning SM, Guan J, Grogan T, Elashoff D, Olefsky JM, Cohen P, Aronson WJ. Liang P, et al. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2019 Jan 1;111(1):52-59. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djy125. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2019. PMID: 30202902 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
- Effects of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on orthotopic prostate cancer progression, tumor associated macrophages, angiogenesis and T-cell activation-dependence on GPR120.Liang P, Henning SM, Grogan T, Elashoff D, Ye H, Cohen P, Aronson WJ. Liang P, et al. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2022 Sep;25(3):539-546. doi: 10.1038/s41391-021-00440-2. Epub 2022 Jan 24. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2022. PMID: 35075215 Free PMC article.
- Omega 3 fatty acids and GPR120.Oh DY, Olefsky JM. Oh DY, et al. Cell Metab. 2012 May 2;15(5):564-5. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.04.009. Cell Metab. 2012. PMID: 22560206 Free PMC article. Review.
- GPR120 agonists for the treatment of diabetes: a patent review (2014 present).Zhang X, Macielag MJ. Zhang X, et al. Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2020 Oct;30(10):729-742. doi: 10.1080/13543776.2020.1811852. Epub 2020 Aug 30. Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2020. PMID: 32799609 Review.
- GPR120 promotes neutrophil control of intestinal bacterial infection.Zhou Z, Yang W, Yu T, Yu Y, Zhao X, Yu Y, Gu C, Bilotta AJ, Yao S, Zhao Q, Golovko G, Li M, Cong Y. Zhou Z, et al. Gut Microbes. 2023 Jan-Dec;15(1):2190311. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2190311. Gut Microbes. 2023. PMID: 36927391 Free PMC article.
- Metabolic landscape in cardiac aging: insights into molecular biology and therapeutic implications.Xie S, Xu SC, Deng W, Tang Q. Xie S, et al. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2023 Mar 14;8(1):114. doi: 10.1038/s41392-023-01378-8. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2023. PMID: 36918543 Free PMC article. Review.
- GPCR in Adipose Tissue Function-Focus on Lipolysis.Malfacini D, Pfeifer A. Malfacini D, et al. Biomedicines. 2023 Feb 16;11(2):588. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11020588. Biomedicines. 2023. PMID: 36831123 Free PMC article. Review.
- Restoring Epigenetic Reprogramming with Diet and Exercise to Improve Health-Related Metabolic Diseases.Abraham MJ, El Sherbini A, El-Diasty M, Askari S, Szewczuk MR. Abraham MJ, et al. Biomolecules. 2023 Feb 7;13(2):318. doi: 10.3390/biom13020318. Biomolecules. 2023. PMID: 36830687 Free PMC article. Review.
- Factors Affecting Gut Microbiota of Puppies from Birth to Weaning.Balouei F, Stefanon B, Sgorlon S, Sandri M. Balouei F, et al. Animals (Basel). 2023 Feb 6;13(4):578. doi: 10.3390/ani13040578. Animals (Basel). 2023. PMID: 36830365 Free PMC article. Review.
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
- 3T3-L1 Cells
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents / administration & dosage
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents / metabolism
- Cell Line
- Dietary Fats / metabolism
- Dietary Supplements
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / administration & dosage*
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / metabolism*
- Humans
- Hypoglycemic Agents / administration & dosage
- Hypoglycemic Agents / metabolism
- Insulin Resistance*
- Macrophages / immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Obesity / complications
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / metabolism*
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents
- Dietary Fats
- FFAR4 protein, mouse
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3
- Hypoglycemic Agents
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
- BioSystems
- GEO Profiles
- Gene
- Gene (GeneRIF)
- Gene (nucleotide/PMC)
- HomoloGene
- MedGen
- Nucleotide
- Nucleotide
- Nucleotide (RefSeq)
- Nucleotide (RefSeq)
- Nucleotide (Weighted)
- Protein
- Protein (RefSeq)
- Protein (Weighted)
- PubChem Compound
- PubChem Compound (MeSH Keyword)
- PubChem Substance
- Taxonomy via GenBank
- UniGene
- P01 DK074868-02/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
- DK033651/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
- P01 DK074868/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
- R37 DK033651-26/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
- U54 HD012303-25A1/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States
- R37 DK033651-27/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
- R01 DK033651/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
- U54 HD012303-28/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States
- P30 DK063491-07/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
- U54 HD 012303-25/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States
- P01 DK074868-05/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
- DK063491/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
- P50 HD012303/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States
- P30 DK063491/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
- DK 074868/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
- U54 HD012303/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States
- R37 DK033651/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
- Full Text Sources
- Other Literature Sources
- Medical
- Molecular Biology Databases
- Research Materials
- Miscellaneous
NCBI Literature Resources
The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.
National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894
![FIG. 5. In vivo metabolic studies in…](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/2956412/bin/nihms-232775-f0005.jpg)
FIG. 6. Omega-3 FA enriched diet decreases…
FIG. 6. Omega-3 FA enriched diet decreases inflammatory macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue
(A) Confocal…
FIG. 7. M1 and M2 inflammatory gene…
FIG. 7. M1 and M2 inflammatory gene expression levels in adipose tissue from WT vs.…
- Fishing out a sensor for anti-inflammatory oils.Saltiel AR. Saltiel AR. Cell. 2010 Sep 3;142(5):672-4. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.08.022. Cell. 2010. PMID: 20813253
- A Gpr120-selective agonist improves insulin resistance and chronic inflammation in obese mice.Oh DY, Walenta E, Akiyama TE, Lagakos WS, Lackey D, Pessentheiner AR, Sasik R, Hah N, Chi TJ, Cox JM, Powels MA, Di Salvo J, Sinz C, Watkins SM, Armando AM, Chung H, Evans RM, Quehenberger O, McNelis J, Bogner-Strauss JG, Olefsky JM. Oh DY, et al. Nat Med. 2014 Aug;20(8):942-7. doi: 10.1038/nm.3614. Epub 2014 Jul 6. Nat Med. 2014. PMID: 24997608 Free PMC article.
- Role of Host GPR120 in Mediating Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acid Inhibition of Prostate Cancer.Liang P, Henning SM, Guan J, Grogan T, Elashoff D, Olefsky JM, Cohen P, Aronson WJ. Liang P, et al. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2019 Jan 1;111(1):52-59. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djy125. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2019. PMID: 30202902 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
- Effects of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on orthotopic prostate cancer progression, tumor associated macrophages, angiogenesis and T-cell activation-dependence on GPR120.Liang P, Henning SM, Grogan T, Elashoff D, Ye H, Cohen P, Aronson WJ. Liang P, et al. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2022 Sep;25(3):539-546. doi: 10.1038/s41391-021-00440-2. Epub 2022 Jan 24. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2022. PMID: 35075215 Free PMC article.
- Omega 3 fatty acids and GPR120.Oh DY, Olefsky JM. Oh DY, et al. Cell Metab. 2012 May 2;15(5):564-5. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.04.009. Cell Metab. 2012. PMID: 22560206 Free PMC article. Review.
- GPR120 agonists for the treatment of diabetes: a patent review (2014 present).Zhang X, Macielag MJ. Zhang X, et al. Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2020 Oct;30(10):729-742. doi: 10.1080/13543776.2020.1811852. Epub 2020 Aug 30. Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2020. PMID: 32799609 Review.
- GPR120 promotes neutrophil control of intestinal bacterial infection.Zhou Z, Yang W, Yu T, Yu Y, Zhao X, Yu Y, Gu C, Bilotta AJ, Yao S, Zhao Q, Golovko G, Li M, Cong Y. Zhou Z, et al. Gut Microbes. 2023 Jan-Dec;15(1):2190311. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2190311. Gut Microbes. 2023. PMID: 36927391 Free PMC article.
- Metabolic landscape in cardiac aging: insights into molecular biology and therapeutic implications.Xie S, Xu SC, Deng W, Tang Q. Xie S, et al. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2023 Mar 14;8(1):114. doi: 10.1038/s41392-023-01378-8. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2023. PMID: 36918543 Free PMC article. Review.
- GPCR in Adipose Tissue Function-Focus on Lipolysis.Malfacini D, Pfeifer A. Malfacini D, et al. Biomedicines. 2023 Feb 16;11(2):588. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11020588. Biomedicines. 2023. PMID: 36831123 Free PMC article. Review.
- Restoring Epigenetic Reprogramming with Diet and Exercise to Improve Health-Related Metabolic Diseases.Abraham MJ, El Sherbini A, El-Diasty M, Askari S, Szewczuk MR. Abraham MJ, et al. Biomolecules. 2023 Feb 7;13(2):318. doi: 10.3390/biom13020318. Biomolecules. 2023. PMID: 36830687 Free PMC article. Review.
- Factors Affecting Gut Microbiota of Puppies from Birth to Weaning.Balouei F, Stefanon B, Sgorlon S, Sandri M. Balouei F, et al. Animals (Basel). 2023 Feb 6;13(4):578. doi: 10.3390/ani13040578. Animals (Basel). 2023. PMID: 36830365 Free PMC article. Review.
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
- 3T3-L1 Cells
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents / administration & dosage
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents / metabolism
- Cell Line
- Dietary Fats / metabolism
- Dietary Supplements
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / administration & dosage*
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / metabolism*
- Humans
- Hypoglycemic Agents / administration & dosage
- Hypoglycemic Agents / metabolism
- Insulin Resistance*
- Macrophages / immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Obesity / complications
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / metabolism*
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents
- Dietary Fats
- FFAR4 protein, mouse
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3
- Hypoglycemic Agents
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
- BioSystems
- GEO Profiles
- Gene
- Gene (GeneRIF)
- Gene (nucleotide/PMC)
- HomoloGene
- MedGen
- Nucleotide
- Nucleotide
- Nucleotide (RefSeq)
- Nucleotide (RefSeq)
- Nucleotide (Weighted)
- Protein
- Protein (RefSeq)
- Protein (Weighted)
- PubChem Compound
- PubChem Compound (MeSH Keyword)
- PubChem Substance
- Taxonomy via GenBank
- UniGene
- P01 DK074868-02/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
- DK033651/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
- P01 DK074868/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
- R37 DK033651-26/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
- U54 HD012303-25A1/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States
- R37 DK033651-27/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
- R01 DK033651/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
- U54 HD012303-28/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States
- P30 DK063491-07/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
- U54 HD 012303-25/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States
- P01 DK074868-05/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
- DK063491/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
- P50 HD012303/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States
- P30 DK063491/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
- DK 074868/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
- U54 HD012303/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States
- R37 DK033651/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States
- Full Text Sources
- Other Literature Sources
- Medical
- Molecular Biology Databases
- Research Materials
- Miscellaneous
![FIG. 6. Omega-3 FA enriched diet decreases…](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/2956412/bin/nihms-232775-f0006.jpg)
![FIG. 7. M1 and M2 inflammatory gene…](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/2956412/bin/nihms-232775-f0007.jpg)
Source: PubMed