Secondhand smoke exposure among women and children: evidence from 31 countries
Heather Wipfli, Erika Avila-Tang, Ana Navas-Acien, Sungroul Kim, Georgiana Onicescu, Jie Yuan, Patrick Breysse, Jonathan M Samet, Famri Homes Study Investigators, Marta Angueira, Arayik Sargsyan, Valeska Figueiredo, Sin Sovann, Gonghuan Yang, Shao-jun Ma, Sergio Diaz, Deborah Ossip-Klein, Essie Sierra, Mostafa Mohamed, Christopher Loffredo, Giorgi Magradze, George Bakhturidze, Joaquin Barnoya, Sophia S C Chan, T H Lam, Y W Mak, Mira Aghi, Rita Damayanti, Janis Caunitis, Maniphanh Vongphosy, Foong Kin, Luz Myrian, M R Pandey, Reina Roa, Alfonso Zavaleta, Maria Lourdes Reuillida, Witold Zatonski, Krzysztof Przewozniak, Jakub Gumkowski, Pawel Polak, Malgorzata Zagroba, Janina Fetlinska, Florin Mihaltan, Vladimir Levshin, Wasim Maziak, Wayne Kao, Naowarut Charoenca, Zeynep Onder, Tatiana Andreeva, Adriana Blanco, Natasha Herrera, Bao Chau, Heather Wipfli, Erika Avila-Tang, Ana Navas-Acien, Sungroul Kim, Georgiana Onicescu, Jie Yuan, Patrick Breysse, Jonathan M Samet, Famri Homes Study Investigators, Marta Angueira, Arayik Sargsyan, Valeska Figueiredo, Sin Sovann, Gonghuan Yang, Shao-jun Ma, Sergio Diaz, Deborah Ossip-Klein, Essie Sierra, Mostafa Mohamed, Christopher Loffredo, Giorgi Magradze, George Bakhturidze, Joaquin Barnoya, Sophia S C Chan, T H Lam, Y W Mak, Mira Aghi, Rita Damayanti, Janis Caunitis, Maniphanh Vongphosy, Foong Kin, Luz Myrian, M R Pandey, Reina Roa, Alfonso Zavaleta, Maria Lourdes Reuillida, Witold Zatonski, Krzysztof Przewozniak, Jakub Gumkowski, Pawel Polak, Malgorzata Zagroba, Janina Fetlinska, Florin Mihaltan, Vladimir Levshin, Wasim Maziak, Wayne Kao, Naowarut Charoenca, Zeynep Onder, Tatiana Andreeva, Adriana Blanco, Natasha Herrera, Bao Chau
Abstract
Objectives: We sought to describe the range of exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) among women and children living with smokers around the world and generate locally relevant data to motivate the development of tobacco control policies and interventions in developing countries.
Methods: In 2006, we conducted a cross-sectional exposure survey to measure air nicotine concentrations in households and hair nicotine concentrations among nonsmoking women and children in convenience samples of 40 households in 31 countries.
Results: Median air nicotine concentration was 17 times higher in households with smokers (0.18 mug/m(3)) compared with households without smokers (0.01 mug/m(3)). Air nicotine and hair nicotine concentrations in women and children increased with the number of smokers in the household. The dose-response relationship was steeper among children. Air nicotine concentrations increased an estimated 12.9 times (95% confidence interval=9.4, 17.6) in households allowing smoking inside compared with those prohibiting smoking inside.
Conclusions: Our results indicate that women and children living with smokers are at increased risk of premature death and disease from exposure to SHS. Interventions to protect women and children from household SHS need to be strengthened.
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Source: PubMed