Gut microbial trimethylamine is elevated in alcohol-associated hepatitis and contributes to ethanol-induced liver injury in mice
Robert N Helsley, Tatsunori Miyata, Anagha Kadam, Venkateshwari Varadharajan, Naseer Sangwan, Emily C Huang, Rakhee Banerjee, Amanda L Brown, Kevin K Fung, William J Massey, Chase Neumann, Danny Orabi, Lucas J Osborn, Rebecca C Schugar, Megan R McMullen, Annette Bellar, Kyle L Poulsen, Adam Kim, Vai Pathak, Marko Mrdjen, James T Anderson, Belinda Willard, Craig J McClain, Mack Mitchell, Arthur J McCullough, Svetlana Radaeva, Bruce Barton, Gyongyi Szabo, Srinivasan Dasarathy, Jose Carlos Garcia-Garcia, Daniel M Rotroff, Daniela S Allende, Zeneng Wang, Stanley L Hazen, Laura E Nagy, Jonathan Mark Brown, Robert N Helsley, Tatsunori Miyata, Anagha Kadam, Venkateshwari Varadharajan, Naseer Sangwan, Emily C Huang, Rakhee Banerjee, Amanda L Brown, Kevin K Fung, William J Massey, Chase Neumann, Danny Orabi, Lucas J Osborn, Rebecca C Schugar, Megan R McMullen, Annette Bellar, Kyle L Poulsen, Adam Kim, Vai Pathak, Marko Mrdjen, James T Anderson, Belinda Willard, Craig J McClain, Mack Mitchell, Arthur J McCullough, Svetlana Radaeva, Bruce Barton, Gyongyi Szabo, Srinivasan Dasarathy, Jose Carlos Garcia-Garcia, Daniel M Rotroff, Daniela S Allende, Zeneng Wang, Stanley L Hazen, Laura E Nagy, Jonathan Mark Brown
Abstract
There is mounting evidence that microbes residing in the human intestine contribute to diverse alcohol-associated liver diseases (ALD) including the most deadly form known as alcohol-associated hepatitis (AH). However, mechanisms by which gut microbes synergize with excessive alcohol intake to promote liver injury are poorly understood. Furthermore, whether drugs that selectively target gut microbial metabolism can improve ALD has never been tested. We used liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to quantify the levels of microbe and host choline co-metabolites in healthy controls and AH patients, finding elevated levels of the microbial metabolite trimethylamine (TMA) in AH. In subsequent studies, we treated mice with non-lethal bacterial choline TMA lyase (CutC/D) inhibitors to blunt gut microbe-dependent production of TMA in the context of chronic ethanol administration. Indices of liver injury were quantified by complementary RNA sequencing, biochemical, and histological approaches. In addition, we examined the impact of ethanol consumption and TMA lyase inhibition on gut microbiome structure via 16S rRNA sequencing. We show the gut microbial choline metabolite TMA is elevated in AH patients and correlates with reduced hepatic expression of the TMA oxygenase flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3). Provocatively, we find that small molecule inhibition of gut microbial CutC/D activity protects mice from ethanol-induced liver injury. CutC/D inhibitor-driven improvement in ethanol-induced liver injury is associated with distinct reorganization of the gut microbiome and host liver transcriptome. The microbial metabolite TMA is elevated in patients with AH, and inhibition of TMA production from gut microbes can protect mice from ethanol-induced liver injury.
Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01809132 NCT03224949.
Keywords: human; liver disease; medicine; metabolism; microbiome; mouse; nutrition.
Conflict of interest statement
RH, TM, AK, VV, NS, EH, RB, AB, KF, WM, CN, DO, LO, RS, MM, AB, KP, AK, VP, MM, JA, BW, CM, MM, AM, SR, BB, GS, SD, JG, DR, DA, LN, JB No competing interests declared, ZW Kaiser Permanente (CME lecture sessions) Advisory Board for Incyte (on treatment of cholangiocarcinoma), SH Z.W. report being named as co-inventor on pending and issued patents held by the Cleveland Clinic relating to cardiovascular diagnostics and therapeutics. Z.W. reports being eligible to receive royalty payments for inventions or discoveries related to cardiovascular diagnostics or therapeutics from Zehna Therapeutics, Cleveland Heart Lab, a wholly owned subsidiary of Quest Diagnostics, and Procter & Gamble
© 2022, Helsley et al.
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Source: PubMed