Assessment of CardiOvascular Remodelling following Endovascular aortic repair through imaging and computation: the CORE prospective observational cohort study protocol

Foeke J H Nauta, Arnoud V Kamman, El-Sayed H Ibrahim, Prachi P Agarwal, Bo Yang, Karen Kim, David M Williams, Joost A van Herwaarden, Frans L Moll, Kim A Eagle, Santi Trimarchi, Himanshu J Patel, C Alberto Figueroa, Foeke J H Nauta, Arnoud V Kamman, El-Sayed H Ibrahim, Prachi P Agarwal, Bo Yang, Karen Kim, David M Williams, Joost A van Herwaarden, Frans L Moll, Kim A Eagle, Santi Trimarchi, Himanshu J Patel, C Alberto Figueroa

Abstract

Introduction: Thoracic aortic stent grafts are orders of magnitude stiffer than the native aorta. These devices have been associated with acute hypertension, elevated pulse pressure, cardiac remodelling and reduced coronary perfusion. However, a systematic assessment of such cardiovascular effects of thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) is missing. The CardiOvascular Remodelling following Endovascular aortic repair (CORE) study aims to (1) quantify cardiovascular remodelling following TEVAR and compare echocardiography against MRI, the reference method; (2) validate computational modelling of cardiovascular haemodynamics following TEVAR using clinical measurements, and virtually assess the impact of more compliant stent grafts on cardiovascular haemodynamics; and (3) investigate diagnostic accuracy of ECG and serum biomarkers for cardiac remodelling compared to MRI.

Methods and analysis: This is a prospective, nonrandomised, observational cohort study. We will use MRI, CT, echocardiography, intraluminal pressures, ECG, computational modelling and serum biomarkers to assess cardiovascular remodelling in two groups of patients with degenerative thoracic aneurysms or penetrating aortic ulcers: (1) patients managed with TEVAR and (2) control patients managed with medical therapy alone. Power analysis revealed a minimum total sample size of 20 patients (α=0.05, power=0.97) to observe significant left ventricular mass increase following TEVAR after 1 year. Consequently, we will include 12 patients in both groups. Advanced MRI sequences will be used to assess myocardial and aortic strain and distensibility, myocardial perfusion and aortic flow. ECG, echocardiography and serum biomarkers will be collected and compared against the imaging data. Computational models will be constructed from each patient imaging data, analysed and validated. All measurements will be collected at baseline (prior to TEVAR) and 1-year follow-up. The expected study period is 3 years.

Ethics and dissemination: This study has been approved by the University of Michigan IRB. The results will be disseminated through scientific journals and conference presentations.

Trial registration number: NCT02735720.

Keywords: VASCULAR SURGERY.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of Interest: None declared.

Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Top: MRI Tagging sequence to quantify myocardial strain. SAX and 4CH tagged images at ED and ES. Bottom: Transit time (Δt) between proximal and distal flow waveforms measured with PC MRI sequences is used to evaluate PWV in the aorta. 4CH, four-chamber; ED, end diastole; ES, end systole; SAX, short axis.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Top: Arterial stiffness for a baseline ‘middle-age’ participant, an ‘old-age’ participant showing generalised arterial stiffening and a ‘stent repair’ case with identical stiffness to the baseline except for the ascending aortic segment, in which a stent graft (presented in grey), whose stiffness is 125× higher than the native aortic tissue, was inserted. Bottom: Changes in LV function required to maintain cardiac output following generalised (old age) or stent-induced stiffening. Left: changes in cardiac contractility, as given by a LV elastance function. Right: changes in LV work, estimated by computed pressure–volume loops (unpublished data Lau et al 2016). LV, left ventricle.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Patient population and clinical measurements of our study. BP, blood pressure; HR, heart rate.

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