Potential uses, limitations, and basic procedures of micronuclei and nuclear abnormalities in buccal cells

Olivia Torres-Bugarín, María Guadalupe Zavala-Cerna, Arnulfo Nava, Aurelio Flores-García, María Luisa Ramos-Ibarra, Olivia Torres-Bugarín, María Guadalupe Zavala-Cerna, Arnulfo Nava, Aurelio Flores-García, María Luisa Ramos-Ibarra

Abstract

The use of biomarkers as tools to evaluate genotoxicity is increasing recently. Methods that have been used previously to evaluate genomic instability are frequently expensive, complicated, and invasive. The micronuclei (MN) and nuclear abnormalities (NA) technique in buccal cells offers a great opportunity to evaluate in a clear and precise way the appearance of genetic damage whether it is present as a consequence of occupational or environmental risk. This technique is reliable, fast, relatively simple, cheap, and minimally invasive and causes no pain. So, it is well accepted by patients; it can also be used to assess the genotoxic effect derived from drug use or as a result of having a chronic disease. Furthermore the beneficial effects derived from changes in life style or taking additional supplements can also be evaluated. In the present paper, we aim to focus on the explanation of MN test and its usefulness as a biomarker; we further give details about procedures to perform and interpret the results of the test and review some factors that could have an influence on the results of the technique.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(a) Cells with normal nucleus. (b) Micronucleated cell (MN), (c) binucleated cells (BN), and (d) karyorrhexis (KR). Photomicrographs stained with acridine orange viewed at 1000 magnification under fluorescence with an IVFL filter (450–490 nm). Binocular Microscope Carl Zeiss (Axiostar Plus).
Figure 2
Figure 2
(a) Condensed chromatin (CC), (b) pyknotic nuclei, arrow (PN), (c) karyolysis (KL), and (d) typical nuclear buds (NBUDs). Photomicrographs stained with acridine orange viewed at 1000 magnification under fluorescence with an IVFL filter (450–490 nm). Binocular Microscope Carl Zeiss (Axiostar Plus).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Typical and atypical nuclear buds (NBUDs). Photomicrographs stained with acridine orange viewed at 1000 magnification under fluorescence with an IVFL filter (450–490 nm). Binocular Microscope Carl Zeiss (Axiostar Plus).

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