Bisphosphonates: mechanism of action and role in clinical practice

Abstract

Bisphosphonates are primary agents in the current pharmacological arsenal against osteoclast-mediated bone loss due to osteoporosis, Paget disease of bone, malignancies metastatic to bone, multiple myeloma, and hypercalcemia of malignancy. In addition to currently approved uses, bisphosphonates are commonly prescribed for prevention and treatment of a variety of other skeletal conditions, such as low bone density and osteogenesis imperfecta. However, the recent recognition that bisphosphonate use is associated with pathologic conditions including osteonecrosis of the jaw has sharpened the level of scrutiny of the current widespread use of bisphosphonate therapy. Using the key words bisphosphonate and clinical practice in a PubMed literature search from January 1, 1998, to May 1, 2008, we review current understanding of the mechanisms by which bisphosphonates exert their effects on osteoclasts, discuss the role of bisphosphonates in clinical practice, and highlight some areas of concern associated with bisphosphonate use.

Figures

FIGURE 1

Bisphosphonate structures and approximate relative potencies for osteoclast inhibition.

FIGURE 2

A, Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates selectively inhibit farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS) within osteoclasts. B, Osteoclast endocytosis of bisphosphonate from the bone surface leads to FPPS inhibition and osteoclast apoptosis. BP = nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate; HMG-CoA = 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A.