Looking to the Future: A Synthesis of New Developments and Challenges in Suicide Research and Prevention

Rory C O'Connor, Gwendolyn Portzky, Rory C O'Connor, Gwendolyn Portzky

Abstract

Suicide and attempted suicide are major public health concerns. In recent decades, there have been many welcome developments in understanding and preventing suicide, as well as good progress in intervening with those who have attempted suicide. Despite these developments, though, considerable challenges remain. In this article, we explore both the recent developments and the challenges ahead for the field of suicide research and prevention. To do so, we consulted 32 experts from 12 countries spanning four continents who had contributed to the International Handbook of Suicide Prevention (2nd edition). All contributors nominated, in their view, (i) the top 3 most exciting new developments in suicide research and prevention in recent years, and (ii) the top 3 challenges. We have synthesized their suggestions into new developments and challenges in research and practice, giving due attention to implications for psychosocial interventions. This Perspective article is not a review of the literature, although we did draw from the suicide research literature to obtain evidence to elucidate the responses from the contributors. Key new developments and challenges include: employing novel techniques to improve the prediction of suicidal behavior; testing and applying theoretical models of suicidal behavior; harnessing new technologies to monitor and intervene in suicide risk; expanding suicide prevention activities to low and middle-income countries; moving toward a more refined understanding of sub-groups of people at risk and developing tailored interventions. We also discuss the importance of multidisciplinary working and the challenges of implementing interventions in practice.

Keywords: challenges; clinical; new technologies; risk factors; suicide; theory.

References

    1. Andrade L. H., Alonso J., Mneimneh Z., Wells J. E., Al-Hamzawi A., Borges G., et al. (2014). Barriers to mental health treatment: results from the WHO World Mental Health surveys. Psychol. Med. 44 1303–1317. 10.1017/S0033291713001943
    1. Anestis M. D., Butterworth S. E., Houtsma C. (2018). Perceptions of firearms and suicide: the role of misinformation in storage practices and openness to means safety measures. J. Affect. Disord. 227 530–535. 10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.057
    1. Armitage C. J., Abdul Rahim W., Rowe R., O’Connor R. C. (2016). An exploratory randomised trial of a simple, brief psychological intervention to reduce subsequent suicidal ideation and behaviour in patients admitted to hospital for self-harm. Br. J. Psychiatry 208 1–7. 10.1192/bjp.bp.114.162495
    1. Bagge C. L., Glenn C. R., Lee H. J. (2013). Quantifying the impact of recent negative life events on suicide attempts. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 122 359–368. 10.1037/a0030371
    1. Batty G. D., Kivimaki M., Bell S., Gale C. R., Shipley M., Whitley E., et al. (2018). Psychosocial characteristics as potential predictors of suicide in adults: an overview of the evidence with new results from prospective cohort studies. Trans. Psychiatry 8:15. 10.1038/s41398-017-0072-8
    1. Bennardi M., Caballero F. F., Miret M., Ayuso-Mateos J. L., Haro J. M., Lara E., et al. (2017). Longitudinal relationships between positive affect, loneliness, and suicide ideation: age-specific factors in a general population. Suicide Life Threat Behav. [Epub ahead of print]. 10.1111/sltb.12424
    1. Biddle L., Derges J., Mars B., Heron J., Donovan J. L., Potokar J., et al. (2016). Suicide and the internet: changes in the accessibility of suicide-related information between 2007 and 2014. J. Affect. Disord. 190 370–375. 10.1016/j.jad.2015.10.028
    1. Bruffaerts R., Demyttenaere K., Hwang I., Chiu W. T., Sampson N., Kessler R. C., et al. (2011). Treatment of suicidal people around the world. Br. J. Psychiatry 199 64–70. 10.1192/bjp.bp.110.084129
    1. Bryan C. J., Mintz J., Clemans T. A., Burch T. S., Leeson B., Williams S., et al. (2018). Effect of crisis response planning on patient mood and clinician decision making: a clinical trial with suicidal US soldiers. Psychiatr. Serv. 69 108–111. 10.1176/appi.ps.201700157
    1. Cavanagh J. T., Carson A. J., Sharpe M., Lawrie S. M. (2003). Psychological autopsy studies of suicide: a systematic review. Psychol. Med. 33 395–405. 10.1017/S0033291702006943
    1. Celano C. M., Beale E. E., Mastromauro C. A., Stewart J. G., Millstein R. A., Auerbach R. P., et al. (2017). Psychological interventions to reduce suicidality in high-risk patients with major depression: a randomized controlled trial. Psychol. Med. 47 810–821. 10.1017/S0033291716002798
    1. Cha C. B., O’Connor R. C., Kirtley O. J., Cleare S., Wetherall K., Eschle S. (2018). Testing mood-activated psychological markers for suicidal ideation. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 127 448–457. 10.1037/abn0000358
    1. Chan M. K. Y., Bhatti H., Meader N., Stockton S., Evans J., O’Connor R. C., et al. (2016). Predicting suicide following self-harm: systematic review of risk factors and risk scales. Br. J. Psychiatry 209 279–285. 10.1192/bjp.bp.115.170050
    1. Cheng Q. J., Li T. M. H., Kwok C. L., Zhu T. S., Yip P. S. F. (2017). Assessing suicide risk and emotional distress in chinese social media: a text mining and machine learning study. J. Med. Int. Res. 19:10. 10.2196/jmir.7276
    1. Christensen H., Farrer L., Philip Batterham J., Mackinnon A., Kathleen Griffiths M., Donker T. (2013). The effect of a web-based depression intervention on suicide ideation: secondary outcome from a randomised controlled trial in a helpline. BMJ Open 3:e002886. 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002886
    1. Comtois K. A., Jobes D. A., O’Connor S. S., Atkins D. C., Janis K., Chessen E. C., et al. (2011). Collaborative assessment and management of suicidality (CAMS): feasibility trial for next-day appointment services. Depress. Anxiety 28 963–972. 10.1002/da.20895
    1. Conner K. R., Beautrais A. L., Brent D. A., Conwell Y., Phillips M. R., Schneider B. (2011). The next generation of psychological autopsy studies. Suicide Life-Threaten. Behav. 41 594–613. 10.1111/j.1943-278X.2011.00057.x
    1. Conner K. R., Houston R. J., Swogger M. T., Conwell Y., You S., He H., et al. (2012). Stressful life events and suicidal behavior in adults with alcohol use disorders: role of event severity, timing, and type. Drug Alcohol Depend. 120 155–161. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.07.013
    1. Cooper J., Steeg S., Bennewith O., Lowe M., Gunnell D., House A., et al. (2013). Are hospital services for self-harm getting better? An observational study examining management, service provision and temporal trends in England. BMJ Open 3:e003444. 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003444
    1. Cooper J., Steeg S., Gunnell D., Webb R., Hawton K., Bennewith O., et al. (2015). Variations in the hospital management of self-harm and patient outcome: a multi-site observational study in England. J. Affect. Disord. 174 101–105. 10.1016/j.jad.2014.11.037
    1. Cusimano M. D., Sameem M. (2011). The effectiveness of middle and high school-based suicide prevention programmes for adolescents: a systematic review. Inj. Prevent. 17 43–49. 10.1136/ip.2009.025502
    1. de Beurs D. (2017). Network analysis: a novel approach to understand suicidal behaviour. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 14:8. 10.3390/ijerph14030219
    1. de Beurs D., Kirtley O., Kerkhof A., Portzky G., O’Connor R. C. (2015). The role of mobile phone technology in understanding and preventing suicidal behavior. Crisis J. Crisis Intervent. Suicide Prevent. 36 79–82. 10.1027/0227-5910/a000316
    1. de Beurs D. P., van Borkulo C. D., O’Connor R. C. (2017). Association between suicidal symptoms and repeat suicidal behaviour within a sample of hospital-treated suicide attempters. BJPsych Open 3 120–126. 10.1192/bjpo.bp.116.004275
    1. De Jaegere E., Van Landschoot R., van Spijker B., Kerkhof A., van Heeringen K., Portzky G. (submitted). The online treatment of suicidal ideation: a randomized controlled trial of an unguided web-based intervention.
    1. Dhingra K., Boduszek D., O’Connor R. C. (2015). Differentiating suicide attempters from suicide ideators using the Integrated Motivational-Volitional model of suicidal behaviour. J. Affect. Disord. 186 211–218. 10.1016/j.jad.2015.07.007
    1. Dickstein D. P., Puzia M. E., Cushman G. K., Weissman A. B., Wegbreit E., Kim K. L., et al. (2015). Self-injurious implicit attitudes among adolescent suicide attempters versus those engaged in nonsuicidal self-injury. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 56 1127–1136. 10.1111/jcpp.12385
    1. Durkheim E. (1897). Suicide: A Study in Sociology. New York, NY: The Free Press.
    1. Franklin J. C., Ribeiro J. D., Fox K. R., Bentley K. H., Kleiman E. M., Huang X., et al. (2017). Risk factors for suicidal thoughts and behaviors: a meta-analysis of 50 years of research. Psychol. Bull. 143 187–232. 10.1037/bul0000084
    1. Fried E. I., van Borkulo C. D., Cramer A. O. J., Boschloo L., Schoevers R. A., Borsboom D. (2017). Mental disorders as networks of problems: a review of recent insights. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 52 1–10. 10.1007/s00127-016-1319-z
    1. Gysin-Maillart A., Schwab S., Soravia L., Megert M., Michel K. (2016). A novel brief therapy for patients who attempt suicide: a 24-months follow-up randomized controlled study of the attempted suicide short intervention program (ASSIP). PLoS Med. 13. 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001968
    1. Glenn C. R., Cha C. B., Kleiman E. M., Nock M. K. (2017). Understanding suicide risk within the research domain criteria (RDOC) framework: insights, challenges, and future research considerations Clin. Psychol. Sci. 5 568–592. 10.1177/2167702616686854
    1. Glenn C. R., Franklin J. C., Kearns J. C., Lanzillo E. C., Nock M. K. (2016). “Suicide research methods and designs,” in International Handbook of Suicide Prevention eds O’Connor R. C., Pirkis J. (Chichester: Wiley Blackwell; ).
    1. Glenn C. R., Kleiman E. M., Cha C. B., Deming C. A., Franklin J. C., Nock M. K. (2018). Understanding suicide risk within the research domain criteria (rdoc) framework: a meta-analytic review. Depress Anxiety 35 65–88. 10.1002/da.22686
    1. Glenn J. J., Werntz A. J., Slama S. J. K., Steinman S. A., Teachman B. A., Nock M. K. (2017). Suicide and self-injury-related implicit cognition: a large-scale examination and replication. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 126 199–211. 10.1037/abn0000230
    1. Harris F. M., Maxwell M., O’Connor R., James Coyne C., Arensman E., Coffey C., et al. (2016). Exploring synergistic interactions and catalysts in complex interventions: longitudinal, mixed methods case studies of an optimised multi-level suicide prevention intervention in four european countries (Ospi-Europe). BMC Public Health 16:268. 10.1186/s12889-016-2942-z
    1. Hawton K., Witt K. G., Salisbury T. L. T., Arensman E., Gunnell D., Hazell P., et al. (2016). Psychosocial interventions following self-harm in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 3 740–750. 10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30070-0
    1. Hetrick S., Yuen H., Cox G., Bendall S., Yung A., Pirkins J., et al. (2014). Does cognitive behavioural therapy have a role in improving problem solving and coping in adolescents with suicidal ideation? Cognit. Behav. Therapist 7:e13 10.1017/S1754470X14000129
    1. Hetrick S. E., Yuen H. P., Bailey E., Cox G. R., Templer K., Rice S. M., et al. (2017). Internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy for young people with suicide-related behaviour (Reframe-IT): a randomised controlled trial. Evid. Based Ment. Health 20 76–82. 10.1136/eb-2017-102719
    1. Hettige N. C., Nguyen T. B., Yuan C., Rajakulendran T., Baddour J., Bhagwat N., et al. (2017). Classification of suicide attempters in schizophrenia using sociocultural and clinical features: a machine learning approach. Gen. Hospit. Psychiatry 47 20–28. 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2017.03.001
    1. Hjelmeland H., Knizek B. L. (2017). Suicide and mental disorders: a discourse of politics, power, and vested interests. Death Stud. 41 481–492. 10.1080/07481187.2017.1332905
    1. Holmes E. A., Ghaderi A., Harmer C. J., Ramchandani P. G., Cuijpers P., Morrison A. P., et al. (2018). The lancet psychiatry commission on psychological treatments research in tomorrows science. Lancet Psychiatry 5 237–286. 10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30513-8
    1. Hom M. A., Stanley I. H., Joiner T. E., Jr. (2015). Evaluating factors and interventions that influence help-seeking and mental health service utilization among suicidal individuals: a review of the literature. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 40 28–39. 10.1016/j.cpr.2015.05.006
    1. Husky M., Olie E., Guillaume S., Genty C., Swendsen J., Courtet P. (2014). Feasibility and validity of ecological momentary assessment in the investigation of suicide risk. Psychiatry Res. 220 564–570. 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.08.019
    1. Hussey I., Barnes-Holmes D., Booth R. (2016). Individuals with current suicidal ideation demonstrate implicit “fearlessness of death”. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry 51 1–9. 10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.11.003
    1. James J. (2014). Relative and absolute components of leapfrogging in mobile phones by developing countries. Telemat. Inform. 31 52–61. 10.1016/j.tele.2013.03.001
    1. Jobes D. A. (2016). Managing Suicidal Risk: A Collaborative Approach 2nd Edn. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
    1. Joiner T., Rudd M. D. (2000). Intensity and duration of suicidal crisis vary as function of suicide attempts. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 68 909–916. 10.1037/0022-006X.68.5.909
    1. Joiner T. E., Jr. (2007). Why People Die by Suicide. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    1. Jones M., Ferguson M., Walsh S., Martinez L., Marsh M., Cronin K., et al. (2018). Perspectives of rural health and human service practitioners following suicide prevention training programme in Australia: a thematic analysis. Health Soc. Care Community 26 356–363. 10.1111/hsc.12532
    1. Kasckow J., Felmet K., Zisook S. (2011). Managing suicide risk in patients with schizophrenia. Cns Drugs 25 129–143. 10.2165/11586450-000000000-00000
    1. Katz C., Bolton S. L., Katz L. Y., Isaak C., Tilston-Jones T., Sareen J., et al. (2013). A systematic review of school-based suicide prevention programs. Depress Anxiety 30 1030–1045. 10.1002/da.22114
    1. Kessler R. C., Hwang I., Hoffmire C. A., McCarthy J. F., Petukhova M. V., Rosellini A. J., et al. (2017). Developing a practical suicide risk prediction model for targeting high-risk patients in the Veterans health Administration. Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res. 26. 10.1002/mpr.1575
    1. Klonsky E. D., May A. M. (2015). The three-step theory (3ST): a new theory of suicide rooted in the “Ideation-to-Action” framework. Int. J. Cognit. Ther. 8 114–129. 10.1521/ijct.2015.8.2.114
    1. Klonsky E. D., May A. M., Saffer B. Y. (2016). “Suicide, suicide attempts, and suicidal ideation,” in Annual Review of Clinical Psychology Vol. 12 eds Cannon T. D., Widiger T. (Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews; ).
    1. Klonsky E. D., Qiu T. Y., Saffer B. Y. (2017). Recent advances in differentiating suicide attempters from suicide ideators. Curr. Opin. Psychiatry 30 15–20. 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000294
    1. Lezine D. A. (2016). “Suicide prevention through personal experience,” in International Handbook of Suicide Prevention eds O’Connor R. C., Pirkis J. (Chichester: Wiley Blackwell; ).
    1. Lin Y. Y., Huang X. Y., Chen C. Y., Shao W. C. (2009). The lived experiences of brokered brides who have attempted suicide in Taiwan. J. Clin. Nurs. 18 3409–3420. 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2009.02839.x
    1. Littlewood D., Kyle S. D., Pratt D., Peters S., Gooding P. (2017). Examining the role of psychological factors in the relationship between sleep problems and suicide. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 54 1–16. 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.03.009
    1. Lutz P. E., Mechawar N., Turecki G. (2017). Neuropathology of suicide: recent findings and future directions. Mol. Psychiatry 22 1395–1412. 10.1038/mp.2017.141
    1. Macrynikola N., Miranda R., Soffer A. (2018). Social connectedness, stressful life events, and self-injurious thoughts and behaviors among young adults. Compr. Psychiatry 80 140–149. 10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.09.008
    1. Marchant A., Hawton K., Stewart A., Montgomery P., Singaravelu V., Lloyd K., et al. (2017). A systematic review of the relationship between internet use, self-harm and suicidal behaviour in young people: the good, the bad and the unknown. PLoS One 12:26. 10.1371/journal.pone.0181722
    1. Mars B., Heron J., Biddle L., Donovan J. L., Holley R., Piper M., et al. (2015). Exposure to, and searching for, information about suicide and self-harm on the Internet: prevalence and predictors in a population based cohort of young adults. J. Affect. Disord. 185 239–245. 10.1016/j.jad.2015.06.001
    1. Marzano L., Hawton K., Rivlin A., Smith E. N., Piper M., Fazel S. (2016). Prevention of suicidal behavior in prisons an overview of initiatives based on a systematic review of research on near-lethal suicide attempts. Crisis J. Crisis Intervent. Suicide Prevent. 37 323–334. 10.1027/0227-5910/a000394
    1. Mehlum L., Mork E. (2016). “After the suicide attempt-the need for continuity and quality of care,” in International Handbook of Suicide Prevention eds O’Connor R. C., Pirkis J. (Chichester: Wiley Blackwell; ).
    1. Mewton L., Andrews G. (2015). Cognitive behaviour therapy via the internet for depression: a useful strategy to reduce suicidal ideation. J. Affect. Disord. 170 78–84. 10.1016/j.jad.2014.08.038
    1. Michaels M. S., Chu C., Silva C., Schulman B. E., Joiner T. (2015). Considerations regarding online methods for suicide-related research and suicide risk assessment. Suicide Life Threaten. Behav. 45 10–17. 10.1111/sltb.12105
    1. Mokkenstorm J. K., Kerkhof A. J. F. M., Smit J. H., Beekman A. T. F. (2017). Is it rational to pursue zero suicides among patients in health care? Suicide Life Threat Behav. [Epub ahead of print]. 10.1111/sltb.12396
    1. Myin-Germeys I., Oorschot M., Collip D., Lataster J., Delespaul P., van Os. J. (2009). Experience sampling research in psychopathology: opening the black box of daily life. Psychol. Med. 39 1533–1547. 10.1017/S0033291708004947
    1. NCISH (2017). Annual Report 2017: The National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide by People with Mental Illness. Manchester: NCISH.
    1. Niederkrotenthaler T., Till B., Kapusta N. D., Voracek M., Dervic K., Sonneck G. (2009). Copycat effects after media reports on suicide: a population-based ecologic study. Soc. Sci. Med. 69 1085–1090. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.07.041
    1. Niederkrotenthaler T., Voracek M., Herberth A., Till B., Strauss M., Etzersdorfer E., et al. (2010). Role of media reports in completed and prevented suicide: werther v. papageno effects. Br. J. Psychiatry 197 234–243. 10.1192/bjp.bp.109.074633
    1. Nock M. K., Borges G., Bromet E. J., Alonso J., Angermeyer M., Beautrais A., et al. (2008). Cross-national prevalence and risk factors for suicidal ideation, plans and attempts. Br. J. Psychiatry 192 98–105. 10.1192/bjp.bp.107.040113
    1. Nock M. K., Park J. M., Finn C. T., Deliberto T. L., Dour H. J., Banaji M. R. (2010). Measuring the suicidal mind: implicit cognition predicts suicidal behavior. Psychol. Sci. 21 511–517. 10.1177/0956797610364762
    1. Nuij C., van Ballegooijen W., Ruwaard J., de Beurs D., Mokkenstorm J., van Duijn E., et al. (2018). Smartphone-based safety planning and self-monitoring for suicidal patients: rationale and study protocol of the CASPAR (Continuous Assessment for Suicide Prevention and Research) study. Int. Interv. 13 16–23. 10.1016/j.invent.2018.04.005
    1. O’Connor D. B., Green J. A., Ferguson E., O’Carroll R. E., O’Connor R. C. (2018). Effects of childhood trauma on cortisol levels in suicide attempters and ideators. Psychoneuroendocrinology 88 9–16. 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.11.004
    1. O’Connor R. C. (2011). “Towards an integrated motivational–volitional model of suicidal behaviour,” in International Handbook of Suicide Prevention: Research, Policy and Practice eds O’Connor R. C., Platt S., Gordon J. (Chichester: Wiley; ). 10.1002/9781119998556
    1. O’Connor R. C., Cleare S., Eschle S., Wetherall K., Kirtley O. J. (2016). “The integrated motivational-volitional model of suicidal behavior: an update,” in The International Handbook of Suicide Prevention eds O’Connor R. C., Pirkis J. (Chichester: Wiley Blackwell; ). 10.1002/9781118903223.ch13
    1. O’Connor R. C., Ferguson E., Scott F., Smyth R., McDaid D., Park A. L., et al. (2017). A brief psychological intervention to reduce repetition of self-harm in patients admitted to hospital following a suicide attempt: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Psychiatry 4 451–460. 10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30129-3
    1. O’Connor R. C., Fraser L., Whyte M. C., MacHale S., Masterton G. (2009). Self-regulation of unattainable goals in suicide attempters: the relationship between goal disengagement, goal reengagement and suicidal ideation. Behav. Res. Ther. 47 164–169. 10.1016/j.brat.2008.11.001
    1. O’Connor R. C., Kirtley O. J. (2018). The integrated motivational-volitional model of suicidal behaviour. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 373:20170268. 10.1098/rstb.2017.0268
    1. O’Connor R. C., Nock M. K. (2014). The psychology of suicidal behaviour. Lancet Psychiatry 1 73–85. 10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70222-6
    1. O’Connor R. C., Pirkis J. (eds) (2016). International Handbook of Suicide Prevention. Wiley Blackwell: Chichester; 10.1002/9781118903223
    1. O’Connor R. C., Portzky G. (2018). The relationship between entrapment and suicidal behavior through the lens of the integrated motivational-volitional model of suicidal behavior. Curr. Opin. Psychol. 22 12–17. 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.021
    1. O’Connor R. C., Rasmussen S., Hawton K. (2012). Distinguishing adolescents who think about self-harm from those who engage in self-harm. Br. J. Psychiatry 200 330–335. 10.1192/bjp.bp.111.097808
    1. O’Connor R. C., Rasmussen S., Hawton K. (2014). Adolescent self-harm: a school-based study in Northern Ireland. J. Affect. Disord. 159 46–52. 10.1016/j.jad.2014.02.015
    1. Okolie C., Dennis M., Simon Thomas E., John A. (2017). A systematic review of interventions to prevent suicidal behaviors and reduce suicidal ideation in older people. Int. Psychogeriatr. 29 1801–1824. 10.1017/S1041610217001430
    1. Oliffe J. L., Ogrodniczuk J. S., Bottorff J. L., Johnson J. L., Hoyak K. (2012). “You feel like you cant live anymore”: suicide from the perspectives of Canadian men who experience depression. Soc. Sci. Med. 74 506–514. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.03.057
    1. Owens D., Horrocks J., House A. (2002). Fatal and non-fatal repetition of self-harm – Systematic review. Br. J. Psychiatry 181 193–199. 10.1192/bjp.181.3.193
    1. Palmier-Claus J. E., Myin-Germeys I., Barkus E., Bentley L., Udachina A., Delespaul P. A., et al. (2011). Experience sampling research in individuals with mental illness: reflections and guidance. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 123 12–20. 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2010.01596.x
    1. Phillips M. R. (2010). Rethinking the role of mental illness in suicide. Am. J. Psychiatry 167 731–733. 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10040589
    1. Pirkis J., Mok K., Robinson J., Nordentoft M. (2016). “Media influences on suicidal thoughts and behaviors,” in International Handbook of Suicide Prevention eds O’Connor R. C., Pirkis J. (Chjchester: Wiley Blackwell; ) 743–757.
    1. Platt S. (2016). “Inequalities and suicidal behavior,” in International Handbook of Suicide Prevention eds O’Connor R. C., Pirkis J. (Chichester: Wiley Blackwell; ).
    1. Pompili M., Innamorati M., Forte A., Longo L., Mazzetta C., Erbuto D., et al. (2013). Insomnia as a predictor of high-lethality suicide attempts. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 67 1311–1316. 10.1111/ijcp.12211
    1. Repper J., Breeze J. (2007). User and carer involvement in the training and education of health professionals: a review of the literature. Int. J. Nurs. Stud. 44 511–519. 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2006.05.013
    1. Ribeiro J. D., Franklin J. C., Fox K. R., Bentley K. H., Kleiman E. M., Chang B. P., et al. (2016). Self-injurious thoughts and behaviors as risk factors for future suicide ideation, attempts, and death: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychol. Med. 46 225–236. 10.1017/S0033291715001804
    1. Rivlin A., Fazel S., Marzano L., Hawton K. (2013). The suicidal process in male prisoners making near-lethal suicide attempts. Psychol. Crime Law 19 305–327. 10.1080/1068316X.2011.631540
    1. Robinson J., Cox G., Malone A., Williamson M., Baldwin G., Fletcher K., et al. (2013). A systematic review of school-based interventions aimed at preventing, treating, and responding to suicide-related behavior in young people. Crisis J. Crisis Intervent. Suicide Prevent. 34 164–182. 10.1027/0227-5910/a000168
    1. Saulsberry A., Marko-Holguin M., Blomeke K., Hinkle C., Fogel J., Gladstone T., et al. (2013). Randomized clinical trial of a primary care internet-based intervention to prevent adolescent depression: one-year outcomes. J. Can. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 22 106–117.
    1. Scourfield J., Fincham B., Langer S., Shiner M. (2012). Sociological autopsy: an integrated approach to the study of suicide in men. Soc. Sci. Med. 74 466–473. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.01.054
    1. Serafini G., Pompili M., Hansen K. F., Obrietan K., Dwivedi Y., Shomron N., et al. (2014). The involvement of microRNAs in major depression, suicidal behavior, and related disorders: a focus on miR-185 and miR-491-3p. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 34 17–30. 10.1007/s10571-013-9997-5
    1. Shneidman E. S. (1985). Definition of Suicide. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
    1. Silverman M. M. (2016). “Challenges to defining and classifying suicide and suicidal behaviors,” in International Handbook of Suicide Prevention eds O’Connor R. C., Pirkis J. (Chichester: Wiley Blackwell; ).
    1. Sobell L. C., Sobell M. B. (1992). “Timeline followback: a technique for assessing self-reported alcohol consumption,” in Measuring Alcohol Consumption: Psychosocial and Biological Methods eds Litten R., Allen J. (Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; ).
    1. Stack S. (2000). Suicide: a 15-year review of the sociological literature part I: cultural and economic factors. Suicide Life Threaten. Behav. 30 145–162.
    1. Stanley B., Brown G. K. (2012). Safety planning intervention: a brief intervention to mitigate suicide risk. Cognit. Behav. Pract. 19 256–264. 10.1016/j.cbpra.2011.01.001
    1. Strack F., Deutsch R. (2004). Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Rev. 8 220–247. 10.1207/s15327957pspr0803_1
    1. Sudol K., Oquendo M. A. (2016). “Visualizing the sucidal brain: neuroimaging and suicide prevention,” in International Handbook of Suicide Prevention eds O’Connor R. C., Pirkis J. (Chichester: Wiley Blackwell; ).
    1. Tarrier N., Taylor K., Gooding P. (2008). Cognitive-behavioral interventions to reduce suicide behavior a systematic review and meta-analysis. Behav. Modific. 32 77–108. 10.1177/0145445507304728
    1. Turecki G., Brent D. A. (2016). Suicide and suicidal behaviour. Lancet 387 1227–1239. 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00234-2
    1. Ueda M., Mori K., Matsubayashi T., Sawada Y. (2017). Tweeting celebrity suicides: users reaction to prominent suicide deaths on Twitter and subsequent increases in actual suicides. Soc. Sci. Med. 189 158–166. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.06.032
    1. van Heeringen K. (2014). Brain imaging: healthy networks for suicide prevention. Crisis J. Crisis Intervent. Suicide Prevent. 35 1–4. 10.1027/0227-5910/a000213
    1. van Heeringen K., Mann J. J. (2014). The neurobiology of suicide. Lancet Psychiatry 1 63–72. 10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70220-2
    1. Van Orden K. A., Witte T. K., Cukrowicz K. C., Braithwaite S. R., Selby E. A., Joiner T. E., et al. (2010). The interpersonal theory of suicide. Psychol. Rev. 117 575–600. 10.1037/a0018697
    1. van Spijker B., Werner-Seidler A., Batterham P., Mackinnon A., Calear A., Gosling J., et al. (2018). Effectiveness of a web-based self-help program for suicidal thinking in an Australian community sample: randomized controlled trial. J. Med. Int. Res. 20 1–11. 10.2196/jmir.8595
    1. van Spijker B. A. J., van Straten A., Kerkhof A. J. F. M. (2014). Effectiveness of online self-help for suicidal thoughts: results of a randomised controlled trial. PLoS One 9:e90118. 10.1371/journal.pone.0090118
    1. Vatne M., Naden D. (2016). Crucial resources to strengthen the desire to live: experiences of suicidal patients. Nurs. Ethics 23 294–307. 10.1177/0969733014562990
    1. Wasserman D., Hoven C. W., Wasserman C., Wall M., Eisenberg R., Hadlaczky G., et al. (2015). School-based suicide prevention programmes: the SEYLE cluster-randomised, controlled trial. Lancet 385 1536–1544. 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61213-7
    1. While D., Bickley H., Roscoe A., Windfuhr K., Rahman S., Shaw J., et al. (2012). Implementation of mental health service recommendations in England and Wales and suicide rates, 1997–2006: a cross-sectional and before-and-after observational study. Lancet 379 1005–1012. 10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61712-1
    1. WHO (2014). Preventing Suicide: A Global Imperative. Geneva: WHO.
    1. Williams A. D., Andrews G. (2013). The effectiveness of internet cognitive behavioural therapy (iCBT) for depression in primary care: a quality assurance study. PLoS One 8:e57447. 10.1371/journal.pone.0057447
    1. Zalsman G., Hawton K., Wasserman D., van Heeringen K., Arensman E., Sarchiapone M., et al. (2016). Suicide prevention strategies revisited: 10-year systematic review. Lancet Psychiatry 3 646–659. 10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30030-X
    1. Zisook S., Trivedi M. H., Warden D., Lebowitz B., Thase M. E., Stewart J. W., et al. (2009). Clinical correlates of the worsening or emergence of suicidal ideation during SSRI treatment of depression: an examination of citalopram in the STAR∗D study. J. Affect. Disord. 117 63–73. 10.1016/j.jad.2009.01.002

Source: PubMed

Спонсоры и соавторы

Заболевания

Медикаментозные вмешательства

Подписаться