Development of a Short and ICD-11 Compatible Measure for DSM-5 Maladaptive Personality Traits Using Ant Colony Optimization Algorithms

André Kerber, Martin Schultze, Steffen Müller, Rosa Maria Rühling, Aidan G C Wright, Carsten Spitzer, Robert F Krueger, Christine Knaevelsrud, Johannes Zimmermann, André Kerber, Martin Schultze, Steffen Müller, Rosa Maria Rühling, Aidan G C Wright, Carsten Spitzer, Robert F Krueger, Christine Knaevelsrud, Johannes Zimmermann

Abstract

While Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth edition (DSM-5) Section III and ICD-11 (International Classification of Diseases 11th-Revision) both allow for dimensional assessment of personality pathology, the models differ in the definition of maladaptive traits. In this study, we pursued the goal of developing a short and reliable assessment for maladaptive traits, which is compatible with both models, using the item pool of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5). To this aim, we applied ant colony optimization algorithms in English- and German-speaking samples comprising a total N of 2,927. This procedure yielded a 34-item measure with a hierarchical latent structure including six maladaptive trait domains and 17 trait facets, the "Personality Inventory for DSM-5, Brief Form Plus" (PID5BF+). While latent structure, reliability, and criterion validity were ascertained in the original and in two separate validation samples (n = 849, n = 493) and the measure was able to discriminate personality disorders from other diagnoses in a clinical subsample, results suggest further modifications for capturing ICD-11 Anankastia.

Keywords: DSM-5; ICD-11; PID-5; ant colony optimization; maladaptive personality traits; personality disorder; screening tool.

Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Latent measurement invariant model. Note. Depicted are standardized loadings, averaged over the three samples with N = 2,927 (left value) and standardized loadings in the separate validation sample withn = 849 (right value).
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Pearson correlations between shortened and originalPID-5 scales calculated with data from all samples (N = 2,927). Note. Correlations >.29 are marked in gray with increasing darkness depending on the extent of the correlation. NA = Negative Affectivity; DT = Detachment; ANT = Antagonism; DI = Disinhibition; PS = Perceptual Dysregulation; ANAN = Anankastia; PID-5 = Personality Inventory for DSM-5.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Distribution (25% and 75% quartiles) and average scores of short and original versions of PID-5 scales in psychiatric inpatients with one (a) three or more (b) diagnoses from the internalizing spectrum (F32, F33, F34, F40, F41, F42, F43, F50, F51, F52, F53, ICD-10) or borderline PD diagnosis (c). Note. All scores are z-standardized in relation to the German nonclinical sample. Asterisks denote significant (i.e., not containing zero within the confidence interval) between group difference effects (Cohens’ d) on PID5BF+ scales, deltoids denote significant difference effects between PID5BF+ and PID-5 scales, * or ◊ = 0.2 < d <.5, ** or ◊◊ = .5 <d < .8, *** or ◊◊◊ = d > .8. PID-5 = Personality Inventory for DSM-5.

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