Enhanced recovery after cesarean delivery

Unyime Ituk, Ashraf S Habib, Unyime Ituk, Ashraf S Habib

Abstract

Enhanced recovery after surgery is a concept initially developed for patients undergoing colorectal surgery but has been adopted by other surgical specialties with similar positive outcomes. The adoption of enhanced recovery after surgery in the obstetric patient population is rapidly gaining popularity. This review highlights perioperative interventions that should be considered in an enhanced recovery after surgery protocol for women undergoing cesarean delivery.

Keywords: Cesarean Delivery; enhanced recovery after surgery.

Conflict of interest statement

No competing interests were disclosed.No competing interests were disclosed.No competing interests were disclosed.

Figures

Figure 1.. Components of Enhanced Recovery Protocol…
Figure 1.. Components of Enhanced Recovery Protocol for Cesarean Delivery.
ERAS, enhanced recovery after surgery; NPO,nil per os (nothing by mouth); PONV, postoperative nausea and vomiting.

References

    1. Adamina M, Kehlet H, Tomlinson GA, et al. : Enhanced recovery pathways optimize health outcomes and resource utilization: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in colorectal surgery. Surgery. 2011;149(6):830–40. 10.1016/j.surg.2010.11.003
    1. Anderson AD, McNaught CE, MacFie J, et al. : Randomized clinical trial of multimodal optimization and standard perioperative surgical care. Br J Surg. 2003;90(12):1497–504. 10.1002/bjs.4371
    1. Kehlet H, Wilmore DW: Evidence-based surgical care and the evolution of fast-track surgery. Ann Surg. 2008;248(2):189–98. 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31817f2c1a
    1. Khoo CK, Vickery CJ, Forsyth N, et al. : A prospective randomized controlled trial of multimodal perioperative management protocol in patients undergoing elective colorectal resection for cancer. Ann Surg. 2007;245(6):867–72. 10.1097/01.sla.0000259219.08209.36
    1. Nicholson A, Lowe MC, Parker J, et al. : Systematic review and meta-analysis of enhanced recovery programmes in surgical patients. Br J Surg. 2014;101(3):172–88. 10.1002/bjs.9394
    1. Arsalani-Zadeh R, ElFadl D, Yassin N, et al. : Evidence-based review of enhancing postoperative recovery after breast surgery. Br J Surg. 2011;98(2):181–96. 10.1002/bjs.7331
    1. Ibrahim MS, Khan MA, Nizam I, et al. : Peri-operative interventions producing better functional outcomes and enhanced recovery following total hip and knee arthroplasty: an evidence-based review. BMC Med. 2013;11:37. 10.1186/1741-7015-11-37
    1. Wodlin NB, Nilsson L: The development of fast-track principles in gynecological surgery. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2013;92(1):17–27. 10.1111/j.1600-0412.2012.01525.x
    1. Grocott MP, Martin DS, Mythen MG: Enhanced recovery pathways as a way to reduce surgical morbidity. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2012;18(4):385–92. 10.1097/MCC.0b013e3283558968
    1. Aluri S, Wrench IJ: Enhanced recovery from obstetric surgery: a U.K. survey of practice. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2014;23(2):157–60. 10.1016/j.ijoa.2013.11.006
    1. Benhamou D, Kfoury T: Enhanced recovery after caesarean delivery: Potent analgesia and adequate practice patterns are at the heart of successful management. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. 2016;35(6):373–5. 10.1016/j.accpm.2016.11.001
    1. Hamilton BE, Martin JA, Osterman MJ, et al. : Births: Final Data for 2014. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2015;64(12):1–64.
    1. Brooten D, Roncoli M, Finkler S, et al. : A randomized trial of early hospital discharge and home follow-up of women having cesarean birth. Obstet Gynecol. 1994;84(5):832–8.
    1. Coates E, Fuller G, Hind D, et al. : Enhanced recovery pathway for elective caesarean section. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2016;27:94–5. 10.1016/j.ijoa.2016.05.005
    2. F1000 Recommendation

    1. Lucas DN, Gough KL: Enhanced recovery in obstetrics--a new frontier? Int J Obstet Anesth. 2013;22(2):92–5. 10.1016/j.ijoa.2013.02.001
    1. Kalogera E, Dowdy SC: Enhanced Recovery Pathway in Gynecologic Surgery: Improving Outcomes Through Evidence-Based Medicine. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2016;43(3):551–73. 10.1016/j.ogc.2016.04.006
    2. F1000 Recommendation

    1. Poland F, Spalding N, Gregory S, et al. : Developing patient education to enhance recovery after colorectal surgery through action research: a qualitative study. BMJ Open. 2017;7(6):e013498. 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013498
    2. F1000 Recommendation

    1. Tiouririne M: <SOAP Newsletter Winter 2018.pdf>.2018.
    1. Carp H, Jayaram A, Stoll M: Ultrasound examination of the stomach contents of parturients. Anesth Analg. 1992;74(5):683–7. 10.1213/00000539-199205000-00011
    1. Wong CA, McCarthy RJ, Fitzgerald PC, et al. : Gastric emptying of water in obese pregnant women at term. Anesth Analg. 2007;105(3):751–5. 10.1213/01.ane.0000278136.98611.d6
    2. F1000 Recommendation

    1. Practice Guidelines for Obstetric Anesthesia: An Updated Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Obstetric Anesthesia and the Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology. Anesthesiology. 2016;124(2):270–300. 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000935
    2. F1000 Recommendation

    1. Hausel J, Nygren J, Lagerkranser M, et al. : A carbohydrate-rich drink reduces preoperative discomfort in elective surgery patients. Anesth Analg. 2001;93(5):1344–50. 10.1097/00000539-200111000-00063
    1. Soop M, Nygren J, Myrenfors P, et al. : Preoperative oral carbohydrate treatment attenuates immediate postoperative insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2001;280(4):E576–83. 10.1152/ajpendo.2001.280.4.E576
    1. Yuill KA, Richardson RA, Davidson HI, et al. : The administration of an oral carbohydrate-containing fluid prior to major elective upper-gastrointestinal surgery preserves skeletal muscle mass postoperatively--a randomised clinical trial. Clin Nutr. 2005;24(1):32–7. 10.1016/j.clnu.2004.06.009
    1. Siu AL, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: Screening for Iron Deficiency Anemia and Iron Supplementation in Pregnant Women to Improve Maternal Health and Birth Outcomes: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. Ann Intern Med. 2015;163(7):529–36. 10.7326/M15-1707
    1. Recommendations to prevent and control iron deficiency in the United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Recomm Rep. 1998;47(RR-3):1–29.
    1. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 95: anemia in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;112(1):201–7. 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181809c0d
    1. Butwick AJ, Walsh EM, Kuzniewicz M, et al. : Patterns and predictors of severe postpartum anemia after Cesarean section. Transfusion. 2017;57(1):36–44. 10.1111/trf.13815
    2. F1000 Recommendation

    1. Smaill FM, Grivell RM: Antibiotic prophylaxis versus no prophylaxis for preventing infection after cesarean section. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014; (10):CD007482. 10.1002/14651858.CD007482.pub3
    1. Declercq E, Barger M, Cabral HJ, et al. : Maternal outcomes associated with planned primary cesarean births compared with planned vaginal births. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;109(3):669–77. 10.1097/01.AOG.0000255668.20639.40
    1. Baaqeel H, Baaqeel R: Timing of administration of prophylactic antibiotics for caesarean section: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG. 2013;120(6):661–9. 10.1111/1471-0528.12036
    1. Bollig C, Nothacker M, Lehane C, et al. : Prophylactic antibiotics before cord clamping in cesarean delivery: a systematic review. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2018;97(5):521–35. 10.1111/aogs.13276
    2. F1000 Recommendation

    1. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 120: Use of prophylactic antibiotics in labor and delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;117(6):1472–83. 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182238c31
    1. D'Alton ME, Friedman AM, Smiley RM, et al. : National Partnership for Maternal Safety: Consensus Bundle on Venous Thromboembolism. Anesth Analg. 2016;123(4):942–9. 10.1213/ANE.0000000000001569
    2. F1000 Recommendation

    1. Ducloy-Bouthors AS, Baldini A, Abdul-Kadir R, et al. : European guidelines on perioperative venous thromboembolism prophylaxis: Surgery during pregnancy and the immediate postpartum period. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2018;35(2):130–3. 10.1097/EJA.0000000000000704
    2. F1000 Recommendation

    1. Miller TE, Raghunathan K, Gan TJ: State-of-the-art fluid management in the operating room. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2014;28(3):261–73. 10.1016/j.bpa.2014.07.003
    1. Cannesson M, Gan TJ: PRO: Perioperative Goal-Directed Fluid Therapy Is an Essential Element of an Enhanced Recovery Protocol. Anesth Analg. 2016;122(5):1258–60. 10.1213/ANE.0000000000001144
    2. F1000 Recommendation

    1. Joshi GP, Kehlet H: CON: Perioperative Goal-Directed Fluid Therapy Is an Essential Element of an Enhanced Recovery Protocol? Anesth Analg. 2016;122(5):1261–3. 10.1213/ANE.0000000000001233
    2. F1000 Recommendation

    1. Rollins KE, Lobo DN: Intraoperative Goal-directed Fluid Therapy in Elective Major Abdominal Surgery: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Ann Surg. 2016;263(3):465–76. 10.1097/SLA.0000000000001366
    2. F1000 Recommendation

    1. Morgan PJ, Halpern SH, Tarshis J: The effects of an increase of central blood volume before spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a qualitative systematic review. Anesth Analg. 2001;92(4):997–1005. 10.1097/00000539-200104000-00036
    1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF: Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: an effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology. 2005;103(4):744–50. 10.1097/00000542-200510000-00012
    2. F1000 Recommendation

    1. Lee A, Ngan Kee WD, Gin T: A quantitative, systematic review of randomized controlled trials of ephedrine versus phenylephrine for the management of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesth Analg. 2002;94(4):920–6, table of contents. 10.1097/00000539-200204000-00028
    1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, et al. : A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: the effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesth Analg. 2008;107(4):1295–302. 10.1213/ane.0b013e31818065bc
    2. F1000 Recommendation

    1. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, et al. : Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology. 2009;111(3):506–12. 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181b160a3
    2. F1000 Recommendation

    1. Habib AS: A review of the impact of phenylephrine administration on maternal hemodynamics and maternal and neonatal outcomes in women undergoing cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 2012;114(2):377–90. 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182373a3e
    1. Ngan Kee WD, Lee SW, Ng FF, et al. : Randomized double-blinded comparison of norepinephrine and phenylephrine for maintenance of blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology. 2015;122(4):736–45. 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000601
    2. F1000 Recommendation

    1. Onwochei DN, Ngan Kee WD, Fung L, et al. : Norepinephrine Intermittent Intravenous Boluses to Prevent Hypotension During Spinal Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery: A Sequential Allocation Dose-Finding Study. Anesth Analg. 2017;125(1):212–8. 10.1213/ANE.0000000000001846
    2. F1000 Recommendation

    1. Vallejo MC, Attaallah AF, Elzamzamy OM, et al. : An open-label randomized controlled clinical trial for comparison of continuous phenylephrine versus norepinephrine infusion in prevention of spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2017;29:18–25. 10.1016/j.ijoa.2016.08.005
    2. F1000 Recommendation

    1. Kurz A, Sessler DI, Lenhardt R: Perioperative normothermia to reduce the incidence of surgical-wound infection and shorten hospitalization. Study of Wound Infection and Temperature Group. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(19):1209–15. 10.1056/NEJM199605093341901
    1. Melling AC, Ali B, Scott EM, et al. : Effects of preoperative warming on the incidence of wound infection after clean surgery: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2001;358(9285):876–80. 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06071-8
    1. Allen TK, Habib AS: Inadvertent Perioperative Hypothermia Induced by Spinal Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery Might Be More Significant Than We Think: Are We Doing Enough to Warm Our Parturients? Anesth Analg. 2018;126(1):7–9. 10.1213/ANE.0000000000002604
    1. Du Toit L, van Dyk D, Hofmeyr R, et al. : Core Temperature Monitoring in Obstetric Spinal Anesthesia Using an Ingestible Telemetric Sensor. Anesth Analg. 2018;126(1):190–5. 10.1213/ANE.0000000000002326
    2. F1000 Recommendation

    1. Wrench IJ, Allison A, Galimberti A, et al. : Introduction of enhanced recovery for elective caesarean section enabling next day discharge: a tertiary centre experience. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2015;24(2):124–30. 10.1016/j.ijoa.2015.01.003
    2. F1000 Recommendation

    1. Sultan P, Habib AS, Cho Y, et al. : The Effect of patient warming during Caesarean delivery on maternal and neonatal outcomes: a meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2015;115(4):500–10. 10.1093/bja/aev325
    1. Shibli KU, Russell IF: A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2000;9(3):160–7. 10.1054/ijoa.1999.0382
    1. Bucklin BA, Hawkins JL, Anderson JR, et al. : Obstetric anesthesia workforce survey: twenty-year update. Anesthesiology. 2005;103(3):645–53.
    1. Weiniger CF, Ivri S, Ioscovich A, et al. : Obstetric anesthesia units in Israel: a national questionnaire-based survey. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2010;19(4):410–6. 10.1016/j.ijoa.2010.04.009
    1. Kehlet H: The modifying effect of anesthetic technique on the metabolic and endocrine responses to anesthesia and surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg. 1988;39(3):143–6.
    1. Dahl JB, Jeppesen IS, Jørgensen H, et al. : Intraoperative and postoperative analgesic efficacy and adverse effects of intrathecal opioids in patients undergoing cesarean section with spinal anesthesia: a qualitative and quantitative systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Anesthesiology. 1999;91(6):1919–27. 10.1097/00132586-200010000-00032
    1. Sultan P, Halpern SH, Pushpanathan E, et al. : The Effect of Intrathecal Morphine Dose on Outcomes After Elective Cesarean Delivery: A Meta-Analysis. Anesth Analg. 2016;123(1):154–64. 10.1213/ANE.0000000000001255
    2. F1000 Recommendation

    1. Gamez BH, Habib AS: Predicting Severity of Acute Pain After Cesarean Delivery: A Narrative Review. Anesth Analg. 2017;126(5):1606–1614. 10.1213/ANE.0000000000002658
    1. Carvalho B, Mirza F, Flood P: Patient choice compared with no choice of intrathecal morphine dose for caesarean analgesia: a randomized clinical trial. Br J Anaesth. 2017;118(5):762–71. 10.1093/bja/aex039
    2. F1000 Recommendation

    1. Balki M, Carvalho JC: Intraoperative nausea and vomiting during cesarean section under regional anesthesia. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2005;14(3):230–41. 10.1016/j.ijoa.2004.12.004
    1. Habib AS, George RB, McKeen DM, et al. : Antiemetics added to phenylephrine infusion during cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;121(3):615–23. 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182839fee
    2. F1000 Recommendation

    1. Wu JI, Lo Y, Chia YY, et al. : Prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting after intrathecal morphine for Cesarean section: a randomized comparison of dexamethasone, droperidol, and a combination. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2007;16(2):122–7. 10.1016/j.ijoa.2006.11.004
    1. Habib AS, Gan TJ: The use of droperidol before and after the Food and Drug Administration black box warning: a survey of the members of the Society of Ambulatory Anesthesia. J Clin Anesth. 2008;20(1):35–9. 10.1016/j.jclinane.2007.08.003
    1. Committee on Obstetric Practice, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: Committee Opinion No.543: Timing of umbilical cord clamping after birth. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;120(6):1522–6. 10.1097/01.AOG.0000423817.47165.48
    1. Fogarty M, Osborn DA, Askie L, et al. : Delayed vs early umbilical cord clamping for preterm infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;218(1):1–18. 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.10.231
    2. F1000 Recommendation

    1. McDonald SJ, Middleton P, Dowswell T, et al. : Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes. Evid Based Child Health. 2014;9(2):303–97. 10.1002/ebch.1971
    2. F1000 Recommendation

    1. Committee on Obstetric Practice: Committee Opinion No. 684: Delayed Umbilical Cord Clamping After Birth. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;129(1):e5–e10. 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001860
    2. F1000 Recommendation

    1. Bramson L, Lee JW, Moore E, et al. : Effect of early skin-to-skin mother--infant contact during the first 3 hours following birth on exclusive breastfeeding during the maternity hospital stay. J Hum Lact. 2010;26(2):130–7. 10.1177/0890334409355779
    1. Bigelow A, Power M, MacLellan-Peters J, et al. : Effect of mother/infant skin-to-skin contact on postpartum depressive symptoms and maternal physiological stress. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2012;41(3):369–82. 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2012.01350.x
    1. Moore ER, Anderson GC, Bergman N, et al. : Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012; (5):CD003519. 10.1002/14651858.CD003519.pub3
    1. Smith J, Plaat F, Fisk NM: The natural caesarean: a woman-centred technique. BJOG. 2008;115(8):1037–42; discussion 1042. 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2008.01777.x
    1. Armbrust R, Hinkson L, von Weizsäcker K, et al. : The Charité cesarean birth: a family orientated approach of cesarean section. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016;29(1):163–8. 10.3109/14767058.2014.991917
    2. F1000 Recommendation

    1. George RB, McKeen D, Chaplin AC, et al. : Up-down determination of the ED (90) of oxytocin infusions for the prevention of postpartum uterine atony in parturients undergoing Cesarean delivery. Can J Anaesth. 2010;57(6):578–82. 10.1007/s12630-010-9297-1
    1. Thomas JS, Koh SH, Cooper GM: Haemodynamic effects of oxytocin given as i.v. bolus or infusion on women undergoing Caesarean section. Br J Anaesth. 2007;98(1):116–9. 10.1093/bja/ael302
    1. Su L, Chong Y, Samuel M: Carbetocin for preventing postpartum haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012; (4):CD005457. 10.1002/14651858.CD005457.pub4
    1. Guo J, Long S, Li H, et al. : Early versus delayed oral feeding for patients after cesarean. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2015;128(2):100–5. 10.1016/j.ijgo.2014.07.039
    1. Huang H, Wang H, He M: Early oral feeding compared with delayed oral feeding after cesarean section: a meta-analysis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016;29(3):423–9. 10.3109/14767058.2014.1002765
    2. F1000 Recommendation

    1. Hsu YY, Hung HY, Chang SC, et al. : Early oral intake and gastrointestinal function after cesarean delivery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;121(6):1327–34. 10.1097/AOG.0b013e318293698c
    1. Hirose M, Hara Y, Hosokawa T, et al. : The effect of postoperative analgesia with continuous epidural bupivacaine after cesarean section on the amount of breast feeding and infant weight gain. Anesth Analg. 1996;82(6):1166–9. 10.1213/00000539-199606000-00011
    1. Eisenach JC, Pan PH, Smiley R, et al. : Severity of acute pain after childbirth, but not type of delivery, predicts persistent pain and postpartum depression. Pain. 2008;140(1):87–94. 10.1016/j.pain.2008.07.011
    2. F1000 Recommendation

    1. Uchiyama A, Nakano S, Ueyama H, et al. : Low dose intrathecal morphine and pain relief following caesarean section. Int J Obstet Anesth. 1994;3(2):87–91. 10.1016/0959-289X(94)90175-9
    1. Palmer CM, Nogami WM, van Maren G, et al. : Postcesarean epidural morphine: a dose-response study. Anesth Analg. 2000;90(4):887–91. 10.1213/00000539-200004000-00021
    1. Elia N, Lysakowski C, Tramèr MR: Does multimodal analgesia with acetaminophen, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, or selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and patient-controlled analgesia morphine offer advantages over morphine alone? Meta-analyses of randomized trials. Anesthesiology. 2005;103(6):1296–304.
    1. Maund E, McDaid C, Rice S, et al. : Paracetamol and selective and non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the reduction in morphine-related side-effects after major surgery: a systematic review. Br J Anaesth. 2011;106(3):292–7. 10.1093/bja/aeq406
    2. F1000 Recommendation

    1. Mathiesen O, Wetterslev J, Kontinen VK, et al. : Adverse effects of perioperative paracetamol, NSAIDs, glucocorticoids, gabapentinoids and their combinations: a topical review. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2014;58(10):1182–98. 10.1111/aas.12380
    1. Valentine AR, Carvalho B, Lazo TA, et al. : Scheduled acetaminophen with as-needed opioids compared to as-needed acetaminophen plus opioids for post-cesarean pain management. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2015;24(3):210–6. 10.1016/j.ijoa.2015.03.006
    1. Pavy TJ, Paech MJ, Evans SF: The effect of intravenous ketorolac on opioid requirement and pain after cesarean delivery. Anesth Analg. 2001;92(4):1010–4. 10.1097/00000539-200104000-00038
    1. Ong CK, Seymour RA, Lirk P, et al. : Combining paracetamol (acetaminophen) with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: a qualitative systematic review of analgesic efficacy for acute postoperative pain. Anesth Analg. 2010;110(4):1170–9.
    2. F1000 Recommendation

    1. Abdallah FW, Halpern SH, Margarido CB: Transversus abdominis plane block for postoperative analgesia after Caesarean delivery performed under spinal anaesthesia? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2012;109(5):679–87. 10.1093/bja/aes279
    2. F1000 Recommendation

    1. Mishriky BM, George RB, Habib AS: Transversus abdominis plane block for analgesia after Cesarean delivery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Can J Anaesth. 2012;59(8):766–78. 10.1007/s12630-012-9729-1
    2. F1000 Recommendation

    1. Adesope O, Ituk U, Habib AS: Local anaesthetic wound infiltration for postcaesarean section analgesia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2016;33(10):731–42. 10.1097/EJA.0000000000000462
    1. Lalmand M, Wilwerth M, Fils JF, et al. : Continuous Ropivacaine Subfascial Wound Infusion Compared With Intrathecal Morphine for Postcesarean Analgesia: A Prospective, Randomized Controlled, Double-Blind Study. Anesth Analg. 2017;125(3):907–12. 10.1213/ANE.0000000000001892
    2. F1000 Recommendation

    1. Blanco R, Ansari T, Riad W, et al. : Quadratus Lumborum Block Versus Transversus Abdominis Plane Block for Postoperative Pain After Cesarean Delivery: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2016;41(6):757–62. 10.1097/AAP.0000000000000495
    2. F1000 Recommendation

    1. Krohg A, Ullensvang K, Rosseland LA, et al. : The Analgesic Effect of Ultrasound-Guided Quadratus Lumborum Block After Cesarean Delivery: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Anesth Analg. 2018;126(2):559–65. 10.1213/ANE.0000000000002648
    2. F1000 Recommendation

    1. Fearon KC, Ljungqvist O, von Meyenfeldt M, et al. : Enhanced recovery after surgery: a consensus review of clinical care for patients undergoing colonic resection. Clin Nutr. 2005;24(3):466–77. 10.1016/j.clnu.2005.02.002
    1. Deniau B, Bouhadjari N, Faitot V, et al. : Evaluation of a continuous improvement programme of enhanced recovery after caesarean delivery under neuraxial anaesthesia. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. 2016;35(6):395–9. 10.1016/j.accpm.2015.11.009
    2. F1000 Recommendation

Source: PubMed

Подписаться