Transcranial red and near infrared light transmission in a cadaveric model

Jared R Jagdeo, Lauren E Adams, Neil I Brody, Daniel M Siegel, Jared R Jagdeo, Lauren E Adams, Neil I Brody, Daniel M Siegel

Abstract

Background and objective: Low level light therapy has garnered significant interest within the past decade. The exact molecular mechanisms of how red and near infrared light result in physiologic modulation are not fully understood. Heme moieties and copper within cells are red and near infrared light photoreceptors that induce the mitochondrial respiratory chain component cytochrome C oxidase, resulting in a cascade linked to cytoprotection and cellular metabolism. The copper centers in cytochrome C oxidase have a broad absorption range that peaks around 830 nm. Several in vitro and in vivo animal and human models exist that have demonstrated the benefits of red light and near infrared light for various conditions. Clinical applications for low level light therapy are varied. One study in particular demonstrated improved durable functional outcomes status post-stroke in patients treated with near infrared low level light therapy compared to sham treatment [1]. Despite previous data suggesting the beneficial effect in treating multiple conditions, including stroke, with low level light therapy, limited data exists that measures transmission in a human model.

Study design/materials and methods: To investigate this idea, we measured the transmission of near infrared light energy, using red light for purposes of comparison, through intact cadaver soft tissue, skull bones, and brain using a commercially available LED device at 830 nm and 633 nm.

Results: Our results demonstrate that near infrared measurably penetrates soft tissue, bone and brain parenchyma in the formalin preserved cadaveric model, in comparison to negligible red light transmission in the same conditions.

Conclusion: These findings indicate that near infrared light can penetrate formalin fixed soft tissue, bone and brain and implicate that benefits observed in clinical studies are potentially related to direct action of near infrared light on neural tissue.

Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have read the journal's policy and have the following conflicts: Daniel Siegel: Photomedex – Scientific Advisory Board. Low level light therapy device provided by Photomedex. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Figures

Figure 1. LED Stability Performance for Red…
Figure 1. LED Stability Performance for Red and Near Infrared Light over 5 minutes.
Output of red light and near infrared light from the LED device is relatively stable over time.
Figure 2. Percent Penetrance of Light through…
Figure 2. Percent Penetrance of Light through Coronal Sections of Cadaver Skull, Bone Only.
Near infrared light measurably penetrates cadaver skull, as compared to red light.
Figure 3. Percent Penetrance of Light through…
Figure 3. Percent Penetrance of Light through Sagittal Sections of Cadaver Skull with Intact Soft Tissue.
Near infrared light measurably penetrates cadaver skull with intact soft tissue, as compared to red light.
Figure 4. Percent Penetrance of Light through…
Figure 4. Percent Penetrance of Light through Various Concentrations of Blood.
Blood attenuates the transmission of both near infrared and red lights. When blood was diluted in normal saline to a concentration of 7%, representing physiologic conditions, transmission of near infrared light was decreased to 41%.
Figure 5. Percent Penetrance of Light through…
Figure 5. Percent Penetrance of Light through Various Media.
Water, saline, and cadaver fixative (Introfiant) have little effect on the transmission of near infrared and red lights.
Figure 6. Percent Penetrance of Light through…
Figure 6. Percent Penetrance of Light through Human Hand in vivo.
Transmission of near infrared light through a human hand is low, but quantifiable, and is greater than red light transmission.
Figure 7. Percent Penetrance of Light through…
Figure 7. Percent Penetrance of Light through Human Cheek in vivo.
Transmission of near infrared light through a human cheek is significant, and is greater than transmission of red light.

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Source: PubMed

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