GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Lixisenatide in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes for Glycemic Control and Safety Evaluation, on Top of Sulfonylurea (GETGOAL-S)

A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, 2-arm Parallel-group, Multicenter 24-week Study Followed by an Extension Assessing the Efficacy and Safety of AVE0010 on Top of a Sulfonylurea in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Not Adequately Controlled With Sulfonylurea

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the benefits and risks of lixisenatide (AVE0010), in comparison to placebo, as an add-on treatment to sulfonylurea without or with metformin, over a period of 24 weeks of treatment, followed by an extension.

The primary objective is to assess the effects of lixisenatide when added to sulfonylurea with or without metformin on glycemic control in terms of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) reduction (absolute change) at Week 24.

The secondary objectives are to assess the effects of lixisenatide on percentage of patients reaching HbA1c less than (<) 7 percent (%); percentage of patients reaching HbA1c less than or equal to (<=) 6.5%; body weight; fasting plasma glucose (FPG); beta-cell function assessed by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) beta; 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose (PPG), glucagon, insulin, proinsulin, and C-peptide after a standardized meal challenge test in a sub-study in all patients in selected centers; to evaluate safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK) and anti-lixisenatide antibody development.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: Lixisenatide (AVE0010); Device: Pen auto-injector; Drug: Placebo; Drug: Sulfonylurea; Drug: Metformin

Detailed Description

Patients who complete the 24-week main double-blind treatment would undergo a variable double-blind extension treatment, which ends for all patients at approximately the scheduled date of Week 76 visit (Visit 25) for the last randomized patient.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 859
• Phase: Phase 3

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Bulgaria
  • Sofia, Bulgaria
    • Sanofi-Aventis Administrative Office
• Czech Republic
  • Praha, Czech Republic
    • Sanofi-Aventis Administrative Office
• Egypt
  • Cairo, Egypt
    • Sanofi-Aventis Administrative Office
• Germany
  • Berlin, Germany
    • Sanofi-Aventis Administrative Office
• India
  • Mumbai, India
    • Sanofi-Aventis Administrative Office
• Israel
  • Natanya, Israel
    • Sanofi-Aventis Administrative Office
• Japan
  • Tokyo, Japan
    • Sanofi-Aventis Administrative Office
• Korea, Republic of
  • Seoul, Korea, Republic of
    • Sanofi-Aventis Administrative Office
• Netherlands
  • Gouda, Netherlands
    • Sanofi-Aventis Administrative Office
• Romania
  • Bucuresti, Romania
    • Sanofi-Aventis Administrative Office
• Russian Federation
  • Moscow, Russian Federation
    • Sanofi-Aventis Administrative Office
• Taiwan
  • Taipei, Taiwan
    • Sanofi-Aventis Administrative Office
• Thailand
  • Bangkok, Thailand
    • Sanofi-Aventis Administrative Office
• Tunisia
  • Megrine, Tunisia
    • Sanofi-Aventis Administrative Office
• Turkey
  • Istanbul, Turkey
    • Sanofi-Aventis Administrative Office
• United States
  • New Jersey
    • Bridgewater, New Jersey, United States, 08807
      • Sanofi-Aventis Administrative Office

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Type 2 diabetes mellitus, diagnosed for at least 1 year before screening visit, insufficiently controlled with a sulfonylurea alone or a sulfonylurea in association with metformin

Exclusion Criteria:

• HbA1c less than (<) 7% or greater than (>) 10% at screening
• At the time of screening age less than legal age of majority
• Pregnant or breastfeeding women or women of childbearing potential with no effective contraceptive method
• Type 1 diabetes mellitus
• Sulfonylurea less than the maximum effective dose according to local labeling
• Sulfonylurea not at a stable (unchanged) dose for at least 3 months prior to screening
• In case of treatment with metformin in association with sulfonylurea, no stable (unchanged) treatment with metformin of at least 1.5 gram per day (except at least 0.75 gram per day in Japan and at least 1.0 gram per day in South Korea), for at least 3 months prior to screening visit
• FPG at screening >250 milligram per deciliter (mg/dL) (>13.9 millimole per liter [mmol/L])
• History of hypoglycemia unawareness
• Body mass index less than or equal to (<=) 20 kilogram per square meter (kg/m^2)
• Weight change of >5 kg during the 3 months preceding the screening visit
• History of unexplained pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, pancreatectomy, stomach/gastric surgery, inflammatory bowel disease
• History of metabolic acidosis, including diabetic ketoacidosis within 1 year prior to screening
• Hemoglobinopathy or hemolytic anemia, receipt of blood or plasma products within 3 months prior to the time of screening
• Within the last 6 months prior to screening, history of myocardial infarction, stroke, or heart failure requiring hospitalization
• Known history of drug or alcohol abuse within 6 months prior to the time of screening
• Cardiovascular, hepatic, neurological, endocrine disease, active malignant tumor or other major systemic disease or patients with short life expectancy making implementation of the protocol or interpretation of the study results difficult, history or presence of clinically significant diabetic retinopathy, history or presence of macular edema likely to require laser treatment within the study period
• Uncontrolled or inadequately controlled hypertension at the time of screening with a resting systolic blood pressure (SBP) or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) >180 millimeter of mercury (mmHg) or >95 mmHg, respectively
• Laboratory findings at the time of screening: aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, or alkaline phosphatase: >2 times upper limit of the normal (ULN) laboratory range; amylase and/or lipase: >3 times ULN; total bilirubin: >1.5 times ULN (except in case of Gilbert's syndrome); hemoglobin <11 gram/deciliter and/or neutrophils <1500 per cubic millimeter (mm^3) and/or platelets <100 000/mm^3; positive test for Hepatitis B surface antigen and/or Hepatitis C antibody
• Any clinically significant abnormality identified on physical examination, laboratory tests or vital signs at the time of screening that in the judgment of the Investigator or any sub investigator precludes safe completion of the study or constrains efficacy assessment
• Patients who are considered by the Investigator or any sub investigator as inappropriate for this study for any reason (for example, impossibility to meet specific protocol requirements, such as scheduled visits, being able to do self-injections, likelihood of requiring treatment during the screening phase and treatment phase with drugs not permitted by the clinical study protocol, Investigator or any sub investigator, pharmacist, study coordinator, other study staff or relative thereof directly involved in the conduct of the protocol)
• Patients with condition/concomitant diseases making them non-evaluable for the efficacy assessment
• Use of oral or injectable antidiabetic or hypoglycemic agents other than sulfonylurea and metformin (for example, alpha glucosidase inhibitor, thiazolidinedione, rimonabant, exenatide, dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, insulin) within 3 months prior to the time of screening
• Use of systemic glucocorticoids (excluding topical application or inhaled forms) for 1 week or more within 3 months prior to the time of screening
• Use of any investigational drug within 3 months prior to study
• Any previous treatment with lixisenatide (for example, participation in a previous study with lixisenatide)
• Renal impairment defined with serum creatinine >1.4 mg/dL in women and serum creatinine >1.5 mg/dL in men (applicable only for patients with metformin treatment)
• End-stage renal disease as defined by a serum creatinine clearance of <15 milliliter/minute (calculated by the Cockcroft and Gault formula) and/or patients on dialysis (if no treatment with metformin)
• Clinically relevant history of gastrointestinal disease associated with prolonged nausea and vomiting, including, but not limited to gastroparesis and gastroesophageal reflux disease requiring medical treatment, within 6 months prior to the time of screening
• Allergic reaction to any glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonist in the past (for example, exenatide, liraglutide) or to metacresol
• Additional exclusion criteria at the end of the run-in phase: informed consent withdrawal; lack of compliance during the single-blind placebo run-in phase (>2 injections missed); and patient with any adverse event which precludes the inclusion in the study, as assessed by the investigator

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Double

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Lixisenatide; 2-step initiation regimen of lixisenatide: 10 microgram (mcg) once daily (QD) for 1 week, followed by 15 mcg QD for 1 week, then 20 mcg QD up to the end of treatment.	Drug: Lixisenatide (AVE0010); Self administered by subcutaneous injections once daily within the hour preceding breakfast.; Device: Pen auto-injector; Other Names: OptiClik®; Drug: Sulfonylurea; Sulfonylurea to be continued at maximum effective dose according to local labeling up to end of treatment.; Drug: Metformin; Metformin if given to be continued at stable dose (at least 1.5 gram per day [except at least 0.75 gram per day in Japan and 1.0 gram per day in South Korea]) up to the end of treatment.
Placebo Comparator: Placebo; 2-step initiation regimen of volume matching placebo: 10 mcg QD for 1 week, followed by 15 mcg QD for 1 week, then 20 mcg QD up to the end of treatment.	Device: Pen auto-injector; Other Names: OptiClik®; Drug: Placebo; Self administered by subcutaneous injections once daily within the hour preceding breakfast.; Drug: Sulfonylurea; Sulfonylurea to be continued at maximum effective dose according to local labeling up to end of treatment.; Drug: Metformin; Metformin if given to be continued at stable dose (at least 1.5 gram per day [except at least 0.75 gram per day in Japan and 1.0 gram per day in South Korea]) up to the end of treatment.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Absolute Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) at Week 24	Absolute change = HbA1c value at Week 24 minus HbA1c value at baseline. The on-treatment period for this efficacy variable is time from the first dose of study drug and up to 3 days after the last dose of study drug, on or before Visit 12 (Week 24) or Day 169 if Visit 12 is not available, and before the introduction of rescue therapy. For a patient to be included in Modified Intent-to-Treat (mITT) population, both baseline and at least 1 post baseline assessment for at least 1 efficacy variable, were required.	Baseline, Week 24

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Week 24	Change was calculated by subtracting baseline value from Week 24 value. The on-treatment period for this efficacy variable is time from the first dose of study drug and up to 1 day after the last dose of study drug, on or before Visit 12 (Week 24) or Day 169 if Visit 12 is not available, and before the introduction of rescue therapy. For a patient to be included in mITT population, both baseline and at least 1 post baseline assessment for at least 1 efficacy variable, were required.	Baseline, Week 24
Change From Baseline in Body Weight at Week 24	Change was calculated by subtracting baseline value from Week 24 value. The on-treatment period for this efficacy variable is time from the first dose of study drug and up to 3 days after the last dose of study drug, on or before Visit 12 (Week 24) or Day 169 if Visit 12 is not available, and before the introduction of rescue therapy. For a patient to be included in mITT population, both baseline and at least 1 post baseline assessment for at least 1 efficacy variable, were required.	Baseline, Week 24
Percentage of Patients Requiring Rescue Therapy During Main 24-Week Period	Routine fasting self-monitored plasma glucose (SMPG) and central laboratory FPG (and HbA1c after week 12) values were used to determine the requirement of rescue medication. If fasting SMPG value exceeded the specified limit for 3 consecutive days, the central laboratory FPG (and HbA1c after week 12) were performed. Threshold values - from baseline to Week 8: fasting SMPG/FPG >270 milligram/deciliter (mg/dL) (15.0 mmol/L), from Week 8 to Week 12: fasting SMPG/FPG >240 mg/dL (13.3 mmol/L), and from Week 12 to Week 24: fasting SMPG/FPG >200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) or HbA1c >8.5%. For a patient to be included in mITT population, both baseline and at least 1 post baseline assessment for at least 1 efficacy variable, were required.	Baseline up to Week 24
Percentage of Patients With Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) Level Less Than 7% at Week 24	The on-treatment period for this efficacy variable is time from the first dose of study drug and up to 3 days after the last dose of study drug, on or before Visit 12 (Week 24) or Day 169 if Visit 12 is not available, and before the introduction of rescue therapy. For a patient to be included in mITT population, both baseline and at least 1 post baseline assessment for at least 1 efficacy variable, were required.	Week 24
Percentage of Patients With Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) Level Less Than or Equal to 6.5% at Week 24	The on-treatment period for this efficacy variable is time from the first dose of study drug and up to 3 days after the last dose of study drug, on or before Visit 12 (Week 24) or Day 169 if Visit 12 is not available, and before the introduction of rescue therapy. For a patient to be included in mITT population, both baseline and at least 1 post baseline assessment for at least 1 efficacy variable, were required.	Week 24
Change From Baseline in 2-Hour Postprandial Plasma Glucose (PPG) at Week 24	The 2-hour PPG blood sample was drawn 2 hours after start of a standardized meal (standardized meal challenge test performed in selected sites). Change was calculated by subtracting baseline value from Week 24 value. The on-treatment period for this efficacy variable is time from the first dose of study drug and up to last dosing day of study drug, on or before Visit 12 (Week 24) or Day 169 if Visit 12 is not available, and before the introduction of rescue therapy. For a patient to be included in mITT population, both baseline and at least 1 post baseline assessment for at least 1 efficacy variable, were required.	Baseline, Week 24
Change From Baseline in Beta-cell Function Assessed by HOMA-beta at Week 24	Beta cell function was assessed by HOMA-beta. HOMA-beta blood samples were drawn during a standardized meal challenge test (performed in selected sites). HOMA-beta (% of normal beta cells function) = (20 multiplied by fasting plasma insulin [micro unit per milliliter]) divided by (FPG [mmol/L] minus 3.5). Change was calculated by subtracting baseline value from Week 24 value. The on-treatment period for this efficacy variable is time from the first dose of study drug and up to last dosing day of study drug, on or before Visit 12 (Week 24) or Day 169 if Visit 12 is not available, and before the introduction of rescue therapy. For a patient to be included in mITT population, both baseline and at least 1 post baseline assessment for at least 1 efficacy variable, were required.	Baseline, Week 24
Change From Baseline in Fasting Glucagon and 2-hour Postprandial Glucagon at Week 24	The fasting glucagon and the 2-hour postprandial glucagon blood samples were drawn during a standardized meal challenge test (performed in selected sites). Change was calculated by subtracting baseline value from Week 24 value. The on-treatment period for this efficacy variable is time from the first dose of study drug and up to last dosing day of study drug, on or before Visit 12 (Week 24) or Day 169 if Visit 12 is not available, and before the introduction of rescue therapy. For a patient to be included in mITT population, both baseline and at least 1 post baseline assessment for at least 1 efficacy variable, were required.	Baseline, Week 24
Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Insulin (FPI) and 2-hour Postprandial Plasma Insulin at Week 24	The fasting plasma insulin and the 2-hour postprandial plasma insulin blood samples were drawn during a standardized meal challenge test (performed in selected sites). Change was calculated by subtracting baseline value from Week 24 value. The on-treatment period for this efficacy variable is time from the first dose of study drug and up to last dosing day of study drug, on or before Visit 12 (Week 24) or Day 169 if Visit 12 is not available, and before the introduction of rescue therapy. For a patient to be included in mITT population, both baseline and at least 1 post baseline assessment for at least 1 efficacy variable, were required.	Baseline, Week 24
Change From Baseline in Fasting Proinsulin and 2-hour Postprandial Proinsulin at Week 24	The fasting Proinsulin and the 2-hour postprandial Proinsulin blood samples were drawn during a standardized meal challenge test (performed in selected sites). Change was calculated by subtracting baseline value from Week 24 value. The on-treatment period for this efficacy variable is time from the first dose of study drug and up to last dosing day of study drug, on or before Visit 12 (Week 24) or Day 169 if Visit 12 is not available, and before the introduction of rescue therapy. For a patient to be included in mITT population, both baseline and at least 1 post baseline assessment for at least 1 efficacy variable, were required.	Baseline, Week 24
Change From Baseline in Fasting C-peptide and 2-hour Postprandial C-peptide at Week 24	The fasting C-peptide and the 2-hour postprandial C-peptide blood samples were drawn during a standardized meal challenge test (performed in selected sites). Change was calculated by subtracting baseline value from Week 24 value. The on-treatment period for this efficacy variable is time from the first dose of study drug and up to last dosing day of study drug, on or before Visit 12 (Week 24) or Day 169 if Visit 12 is not available, and before the introduction of rescue therapy.For a patient to be included in mITT population, both baseline and at least 1 post baseline assessment for at least 1 efficacy variable, were required.	Baseline, Week 24

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Percentage of Patients With at Least 5% Weight Loss From Baseline at Week 24	The on-treatment period for this efficacy variable is time from the first dose of study drug and up to 3 days after the last dose of study drug, on or before Visit 12 (Week 24) or Day 169 if Visit 12 is not available, and before the introduction of rescue therapy. For a patient to be included in mITT population, both baseline and at least 1 post baseline assessment for at least 1 efficacy variable, were required.	Baseline, Week 24
Change From Baseline in Glucose Excursion at Week 24	Glucose excursion = 2-hour PPG minus plasma glucose 30 minutes prior to the standardized meal test (performed in selected sites), before study drug administration. Change was calculated by subtracting baseline value from Week 24 value. The on-treatment period for this efficacy variable is time from the first dose of study drug and up to last dosing day of study drug, on or before Visit 12 (Week 24) or Day 169 if Visit 12 is not available, and before the introduction of rescue therapy. For a patient to be included in mITT population, both baseline and at least 1 post baseline assessment for at least 1 efficacy variable, were required.	Baseline, Week 24
Change From Baseline in Fasting Proinsulin-to-insulin Ratio and 2-hour Postprandial Proinsulin-to-insulin Ratio at Week 24	The fasting proinsulin-to-insulin ratio and 2-hour postprandial proinsulin-to-insulin ratio were measured during a standardized meal challenge test (performed in selected sites). Change was calculated by subtracting baseline value from Week 24 value. The on-treatment period for this efficacy variable is time from the first dose of study drug and up to last dosing day of study drug, on or before Visit 12 (Week 24) or Day 169 if Visit 12 is not available, and before the introduction of rescue therapy. For a patient to be included in mITT population, both baseline and at least 1 post baseline assessment for at least 1 efficacy variable, were required.	Baseline, Week 24
Number of Patients With Symptomatic Hypoglycemia and Severe Symptomatic Hypoglycemia	Symptomatic hypoglycemia was an event with clinical symptoms that were considered to result from a hypoglycemic episode with an accompanying plasma glucose less than 60 mg/dL (3.3 mmol/L) or associated with prompt recovery after oral carbohydrate, intravenous glucose, or glucagon administration if no plasma glucose measurement was available. Severe symptomatic hypoglycemia was symptomatic hypoglycemia event in which the patient required the assistance of another person and was associated with either a plasma glucose level below 36 mg/dL (2.0 mmol/L) or prompt recovery after oral carbohydrate, intravenous glucose, or glucagon administration, if no plasma glucose measurement was available.	First dose of study drug up to 3 days after the last dose administration, for up to 120 weeks

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Sanofi

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Seino H, Onishi Y, Naito Y, Komatsu M. Lixisenatide improves glycemic outcomes of Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2016 Jun 1;8:36. doi: 10.1186/s13098-016-0151-7. eCollection 2016.
• Ahren B, Galstyan G, Gautier JF, Giorgino F, Gomez-Peralta F, Krebs M, Nikonova E, Stager W, Vargas-Uricoechea H. Postprandial Glucagon Reductions Correlate to Reductions in Postprandial Glucose and Glycated Hemoglobin with Lixisenatide Treatment in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Post Hoc Analysis. Diabetes Ther. 2016 Sep;7(3):583-90. doi: 10.1007/s13300-016-0179-6. Epub 2016 Jun 18.
• Yabe D, Ambos A, Cariou B, Duvnjak L, Evans M, Gonzalez-Galvez G, Lin J, Nikonova EV, de Pablos-Velasco P, Yale JF, Ahren B. Efficacy of lixisenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes: A post hoc analysis of patients with diverse beta-cell function in the GetGoal-M and GetGoal-S trials. J Diabetes Complications. 2016 Sep-Oct;30(7):1385-92. doi: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.05.018. Epub 2016 May 24.
• Rosenstock J, Hanefeld M, Shamanna P, Min KW, Boka G, Miossec P, Zhou T, Muehlen-Bartmer I, Ratner RE. Beneficial effects of once-daily lixisenatide on overall and postprandial glycemic levels without significant excess of hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on a sulfonylurea with or without metformin (GetGoal-S). J Diabetes Complications. 2014 May-Jun;28(3):386-92. doi: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2014.01.012. Epub 2014 Jan 28.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: July 1, 2008
• Primary Completion (Actual): January 1, 2011
• Study Completion (Actual): January 1, 2011

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: July 10, 2008
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: July 10, 2008
• First Posted (Estimate): July 14, 2008

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Estimate): December 14, 2016
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: October 21, 2016
• Last Verified: October 1, 2016

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: hyperglycemia, GLP-1
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Glucose Metabolism Disorders; Metabolic Diseases; Endocrine System Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Hypoglycemic Agents; Physiological Effects of Drugs; Metformin; Lixisenatide
• Other Study ID Numbers: EFC6015; EudraCT 2007-005881-11