Effect on Dietary Compensation and Weight Gain in Adults by Savory Solid and Sugary Liquid Discretionary Food Sources

The objective of this study is to determine the effect different sources and forms of discretionary foods have on dietary compensation and energy intake in healthy adults in a free living, real world setting. Specifically, this pilot study will compare the effect of the greatest caloric sources of savory and sweetened discretionary foods in the American diet (savory snacks v. sugar-sweetened beverages). The rationale for conducting this study is to test the mechanism whereby sugar-sweetened beverages are hypothesized to relate to weight gain and obesity above and beyond other discretionary foods (lack of energy intake compensation due to liquid form of the beverage), since the evidence for this topic is limited. The subject population will be 20 men and women between the age of 18 and 59 who are overweight by body mass index (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2), generally healthy, consume sugar-sweetened beverages or , and are willing to incorporate a sweetened beverage or a savory snack into their usual diet in the 4 week period.

Study Overview

• Status: Withdrawn
• Conditions: Weight Gain
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Discretionary calorie source

Detailed Description

The study design will be a randomized parallel study consisting of a 4-week period during which each participant will be assigned to one of the two food groups. Participants in each group will be provided with a daily provision of a chosen sugar-sweetened beverage or savory snack to incorporate into their usual dietary pattern. The main outcome is dietary intake, specifically energy intake gathered by 24 hour dietary recalls. Secondary outcomes include measured body weight / BMI. The participant will be blinded to the main outcome so as not to affect the results. To do this they will be told the rationale for the study is to examine the effect of discretionary food sources on perceived health status and provided a standard, valid short questionnaire (SF-12) at the beginning, middle and end of each period. Investigators will estimate the energy intake necessary for weight maintenance of the subject based upon a standard approach and equation that accounts for the participant's age, sex, body size, and activity level. The subject will be provided with approximately 15-20% of their estimated daily energy needs in the form of a sugar-sweetened beverage or savory snack of their choice during one period and will be asked to incorporate this into their usual dietary pattern each day for 4 weeks. During the 4 week period the subject will be randomly prompted to complete five, 24-hour dietary recalls using an online tool. They will also be asked to fill out a short physical activity questionnaire during the intervention periods and a short questionnaire on perceived health (SF-12). They will have their weight, height, and waist circumference measured at the beginning and end of the period.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Minnesota
    • Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55454
      • West Bank Office Building

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 59 years (Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Healthy adults
• overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2)
• consume sugar-sweetened beverages or savory snacks
• willing to consume amount of beverages and food provided to supplement usual dietary habits during the study period

Exclusion Criteria:

• Recently lost a significant amount of weight or looking to lose weight
• recently begun a new diet or exercise regimen
• prevalent or history of major illnesses or chronic disease (e.g. diabetes, heart disease, cancer, other metabolic disorders) which may affect adherence
• pregnant
• use of prescription medications (aside from birth control)
• report ≥ 1 alcoholic beverage a day
• currently smoke
• report being a restrained eater or having < 51% of control over the selection and preparation of the food they eat
• adults lacking capacity to consent for self

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Prevention
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Savory snack; 1-2 assigned snacks to be taken in determined portions equivalent to 15% of dietary energy intake, chosen from 9-point hedonic preferences questionnaire completed by participant (chips, pretzels, etc.)	Other: Discretionary calorie source; We are assigning participants randomly to either of two different sources of discretionary calories (savory snacks or sugary beverages)
Experimental: Sugary beverage; 1-2 soda-based drinks/juice to be taken in determined portions equivalent to 15% of dietary energy intake, chosen from 9-point hedonic preferences questionnaire completed by participant (coke, sprite, etc.)	Other: Discretionary calorie source; We are assigning participants randomly to either of two different sources of discretionary calories (savory snacks or sugary beverages)

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Time Frame
Dietary energy compensation as measured by weight changes	4 weeks

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University of Minnesota

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Almiron-Roig E, Palla L, Guest K, Ricchiuti C, Vint N, Jebb SA, Drewnowski A. Factors that determine energy compensation: a systematic review of preload studies. Nutr Rev. 2013 Jul;71(7):458-73. doi: 10.1111/nure.12048. Epub 2013 Jun 10.
• Popkin BM, Armstrong LE, Bray GM, Caballero B, Frei B, Willett WC. A new proposed guidance system for beverage consumption in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Mar;83(3):529-42. doi: 10.1093/ajcn.83.3.529. Erratum In: Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Aug;86(2):525.
• Little TJ, Feinle-Bisset C. Effects of dietary fat on appetite and energy intake in health and obesity--oral and gastrointestinal sensory contributions. Physiol Behav. 2011 Sep 26;104(4):613-20. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.04.038. Epub 2011 May 3.
• Pereira, Mark A. The possible role of sugar-sweetened beverages in obesity etiology: a review of the evidence. Int J Obes. 2006. 30. 28-36.
• USDA Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. (2005). Discretionary calories. In The Report of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee on Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2005(6th ed.). United States Department of Agriculture.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start: June 1, 2015
• Primary Completion (Actual): December 1, 2016
• Study Completion (Actual): December 1, 2016

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: September 29, 2015
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: September 29, 2015
• First Posted (Estimate): October 1, 2015

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): April 24, 2017
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 21, 2017
• Last Verified: April 1, 2017

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Body Weight Changes; Body Weight; Weight Gain
• Other Study ID Numbers: 1505M71543