Understanding Patient Management of COPD Exacerbations

This observational study will examine the care-seeking behaviors of Veterans with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to see whether patients' perceived need for care or lack of access to care leads to delays in getting care for COPD exacerbations. Participants complete a baseline in-person visit and receive calls every two weeks for one year to monitor for COPD exacerbations. Detailed information about each exacerbation and time to care are obtained. A sample of participants and their caregivers participate in in-depth interviews. Approximately half the participants will also use a remote inhaler monitor to record their albuterol inhaler use to see if this approach can identify early exacerbations. Results from this study will be used to develop an intervention that will assist Veterans in the early identification, evaluation, and treatment of exacerbations, and will be integrated with the VA primary care team.

Study Overview

• Status: Unknown
• Conditions: Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: This is an observational study without an intervention

Detailed Description

Prompt treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations with oral steroids and/or antibiotics, ideally within 3 days of onset of symptoms, can decrease the severity and duration of exacerbations and may reduce the risk of COPD hospitalizations. This observational study will examine Veterans' care-seeking behaviors and will focus on patients' perceived need for care and perceived access to care and whether these factors delay seeking care for COPD exacerbations, increasing the risk for hospitalizations. This study will also evaluate one approach of identifying early exacerbations through the use of a remote inhaler monitoring system.

This observational cohort study enrolled 412 Veterans with COPD at high-risk for exacerbations. As of March 2019, 246 participants have completed the 1 year follow-up; 133 are in follow-up. The Specific Aims are: 1) Examine the barriers to seeking care for COPD exacerbations or worsening breathing; 2) Test the use of a real-time remote inhaler monitor to identify early exacerbations.

All participants attended one in-person baseline visit to complete spirometry and baseline questionnaires. Participants are contacted every 2 weeks for 1 year using an interactive voice response system that screens for COPD exacerbations with 4 yes/no questions. Participants with a positive screen are called back by research staff to obtain additional detailed information on the exacerbation and how it was treated. Data analysis will examine whether access to care and baseline factors are associated with a delay in treatment.

The participants enrolled at two sites: 252 participants at VA Puget Sound in Seattle, WA and 160 participants at the VA Eastern Colorado in Denver, CO. For Aim 1, 60 participants who reported a COPD exacerbation (either hospitalized, seen in the emergency department, treated as outpatients, or did not seek treatment) participated in in-depth semi-structured interviews by a trained research staff to understand how they responded to their worsening symptoms and decided whether to seek care. 24 caregivers for these Veterans were interviewed about their perspective on the exacerbation event.

In Aim 2, 145 participants from Aim 1 used an inhaler monitor with their albuterol inhaler during the 12-month follow-up period, which transmits real-time data about their daily inhaler use. Data analysis will measure whether a change in albuterol use can predict patient reported COPD exacerbations to determine the appropriate cut-offs that can be used in a future intervention trial.

These aims will provide detailed information on how best to intervene to ensure prompt identification and treatment of COPD exacerbations. New health care delivery approaches will assist Veterans in early identification of exacerbations and provide early access to care that can be integrated into the VA primary care, emergency medicine and pulmonary specialty care settings.

• Study Type: Observational
• Enrollment (Actual): 436

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years and older (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

• Sampling Method: Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who receive care at the VA Puget Sound Health Care System in Seattle, WA or the VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System in Denver, CO. Informal caregivers (ie. family member or friend) to the Veteran subject will also be included

Description

Veteran Cohort:

Inclusion Criteria:

1. COPD diagnosis
2. Spirometry showing FEV1/VC<0.70
3. COPD exacerbation treated with prednisone and/or antibiotics, or that resulted in a visit to the emergency department or hospitalization in the previous 12 months
4. English speaking
5. Access to telephone

Exclusion Criteria:

1. nursing home resident
2. institutionalized, imprisoned
3. life expectancy < 1 year

Informal Caregiver Cohort:

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Identified by Veteran patient as informal caregiver
2. English speaking
3. Access to telephone
4. >=18 years old

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Number of groups / cohorts

2

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort	Intervention / Treatment
COPD patients; Veterans with COPD who are cared for at VA Puget Sound Health Care System (Seattle, WA) or VA Eastern Colorado (Denver, CO) who are at high risk for a COPD exacerbation based on an exacerbation treated with prednisone or antibiotics in the year preceding enrollment.	Other: This is an observational study without an intervention; Not applicable. This is an observational study without an intervention.
Informal Caregiver for COPD patients; Informal caregiver (ie. family member, friend, etc.) for the patient with COPD who is participating in the COPD patients cohort.	Other: This is an observational study without an intervention; Not applicable. This is an observational study without an intervention.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Decision to seek care	All participants with at least one exacerbation will be included in this analysis. Individuals could have both treated or untreated exacerbations and the unit of analysis will be each patient-exacerbation event. The outcome will be whether the patient sought treatment (yes/no) for their COPD exacerbation.	Determined for each exacerbation event during the 1-year follow-up period

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Treatment delay	Only patients with ≥1 treated exacerbation during follow-up will be included in this analysis. A patient could have more than one exacerbation, and the unit of analysis will be each patient-exacerbation event	Determined for each treated exacerbation event during the 1-year follow-up period

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: VA Puget Sound Health Care System
• Collaborators: VA Palo Alto Health Care System; VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Locke ER, Young JP, Battaglia C, Simpson TL, Trivedi R, Simons C, Fortney JC, Hebert P, Swenson ER, Edelman J, Fan VS. Care-seeking and delay of care during COPD exacerbations. NPJ Prim Care Respir Med. 2022 Feb 15;32(1):7. doi: 10.1038/s41533-022-00269-9. Erratum In: NPJ Prim Care Respir Med. 2022 Apr 24;32(1):16.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): August 1, 2016
• Primary Completion (Anticipated): November 1, 2019
• Study Completion (Anticipated): March 1, 2022

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: March 28, 2016
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 28, 2016
• First Posted (Estimate): March 31, 2016

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): April 2, 2019
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 29, 2019
• Last Verified: March 1, 2019

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: exacerbation; telemedicine; access to care
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Respiratory Tract Diseases; Lung Diseases; Lung Diseases, Obstructive; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
• Other Study ID Numbers: 00874

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO