Prevent and Control COVID-19 Infection in Nursing Homes on the Risk of Death of Residents (PIANO-COVID-19)

Effect of Organizational Measures to Prevent and Control COVID-19 Infection in Nursing Homes on the Risk of Death of Residents During and After the Epidemic Period

The COVID epidemic has shown very high mortality among older people, especially among poly-morbid and dependent subjects. In addition to the classic risk factors of age, dependence and associated co-morbidities, community life exposes to specific increased risks in the event of this easily inter human transmissible viral epidemic. In France, according to the Direction of research, studies, evaluation and statistics (DREES) data (Ehpa study, 2015) more than 600,000 elderly people currently live in nursing homes (NH). Since March 28, a national guidance for monitoring the COVID epidemic in NH has just been set up. In France, 14 178 of the 29 319 COVID deaths (48.35%) by June 10th 2020 occurred among NHs residents. Work to consolidate these data is underway, suggesting a much heavier balance sheet. Faced to this threat, in addition to practical recommendations (barrier protection gestures), strict instructions were also announced to all NH to keep their residents safe from COVID : restricting all visitors, all volunteers and nonessential personnel, and more recently, confining residents in their room in case of incident case of COVID in the NH. Organizational factors of NH such as the prevention strategies deployed before and during the epidemic (pneumococcal vaccination, restricting group activities), as well as NH internal resources (equipment, nursing staff) and health resources in the NH environment (hospital partnerships, support devices, telemedicine) lead to heterogeneous situations and could influence the death rates of residents. On the other hand, social isolation can also precipitate the decline of fragile residents. Beyond the immediate and directly risks linked to COVID-19, the present hypothesize that the organizational measures (guidance and recommendations) put in place can have, during and at a distance from the outbreak, beneficial effects but also deleterious effects depending on the severity of the outbreak of a geographic area. More precisely, the hypothesis is that strong and well-followed recommendations at the time of the epidemic were associated with a reduction in the risk of total death in particular of deaths related to COVID in the zones most affected by the epidemic but also that strong and well-followed recommendations were associated with an increased risk of total death, in particular of deaths unrelated to COVID in the areas least affected by the epidemic.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Covid19
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: No intervention

Detailed Description

The PIANO COVID-19 study is an observational, ambidirectional multicenter cohort study. The study will compare the death rates (COVID and non-COVID) in NHs according to the application of the general and specific recommendations of the region by the NH teams, taking into account the COVID infection rate in the NH department, the transfer capacities to hospitals, the medicalization of NH and the general characteristics of residents of NH. These parameters having been fluctuating over time, the analysis will also take into account the period considered.

3 sources of data will be used :

- Questionnaire: The NH team leaders will be asked to report variable related to the implementation of the recommendation/guidance by the nursing home staff, the general characteristics of the residents, and characteristics of the NH, and the monthly rate of death from January to December 2020.

A score will be built in regard to the implementation of the recommendation/guidance from the nursing home staff.

- Data related to the recommendations/guidance of the 13 regions of France (general guidance such as barriers measures and specificity guidance), the COVID infection rate in each NH department, the transfer capacities to hospitals and emergency department, will be collected by the PIANO COVID-19 research team.

For this purpose, referent teams for the COVID-19 outbreak of the each Regional Health Agency (RHA) of the 13 regions of France are contacted in order to recover the recommendation documents having been sent to the NHs.

• Official national data related to the COVID infection rate in the NH administrative region, and transfer capacities to hospitals, will be collected from open access website of the "Santé Publique France" website or other official websites currently providing these data. These data are updated on a daily basis for all administrative region of France and have been registered from the beginning of the outbreak.
• Qualitative study: To improve the understanding of the effects of the recommendations/guidance on resident's health, we will carry out a qualitative study with the NH staff of 20 public and private NH (half clusters NH for COVID-19 and half NH saved from COVID-19). Onsite semi-structured interviews will be conducted with the NH staff to better understand the subjective assessment of healthcare professional on the impact of the recommendations/guidance on the residents' health status. The main questions to which the interviews with the nurses and the nursing assistants will answer, will relate to the functional decline, the appetite and the nutritional status, the mood, the evolution of the cognitive capacities, their psycho-behavioral disturbances and their quality of life during the epidemic period. This qualitative survey will be carried out among NHs having been strongly impacted by the epidemic (NHs cluster with more than 20 deaths) and NHs having not at all been affected by the epidemic (no case of COVID-19 among residents or health care professional). The qualitative study will involve NHs located in very variable geographical regions in regards to the outbreak.

• Study Type: Observational
• Enrollment (Actual): 12166

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• France
  • Toulouse, France, 31059
    • University Hospital Toulouse - Gerontopole

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Child; Adult; Older Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

• Sampling Method: Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

NH volunteers located in different regions more or less affected by the epidemic and NH coordinating physician/directors of NHs via the SFGG website, directors of large private groups (Korian, Orpea, Edenis, DOMUS-vi ..) or public groups (APHP), regional (FMC Gériatres 31) and national (FFAMCO) NH coordinating physician associations (FFAMCO, MCOOR), the referents geriatricians of large cities that have been particularly exposed to the epidemic (Mulhouse, Strasbourg, Paris) or particularly least exposed (Bordeaux, Brest).

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Within each NH, all NH residents living in the NH the 1st of January 2020 will be included.

Exclusion Criteria:

• NHs or Long Term Care Facilities (LTCFs) that refuse to participate.
• NHs that are not voluntary or not located in the regions and NHs that do not have a coordinating doctor .
• Within each NH, all NH residents not living in the NH or LTCFs the 1st of January 2020 will be not be included.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Death occurrence within one year of follow up	Primary criteria is death occurrence within one year of follow up: death rates will be recorded.; Level of implementation of the recommendation/guidance to prevent and control COVID-19 NH residents' infection will be score 14 days before the peak wave of the outbreak in the geographic area of each NH.	from January 2020 to December 2020

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
deaths related to COVID during the one-year follow-up	The secondary objective N°1 is to compare the rate of death related to confirmed or suspected COVID cases in NH with a high level of implementation of the recommendation/guidance to prevent and control COVID-19 NH residents' infection and NH with a low level of implementation of the recommendation/guidance to prevent and control COVID-19 NH.	from January 2020 to December 2020

Other Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
deaths not related to COVID during the one-year follow-up	The secondary objective N°2 is to compare the rate of death not related to COVID cases in NH with a high level of implementation of the recommendation/guidance to prevent and control COVID-19 NH residents' infection and NH with a low level of implementation of the recommendation/guidance to prevent and control COVID-19 NH.	from January 2020 to December 2020
evaluate the economic impact of the implementation of prevention measures	This secondary objective N°3 is to evaluate the economic impact of the implementation of prevention measures applied by nursing homes staff, from healthcare system and the NH perspectives. - Direct medical and non-medical costs 6 and 12 months before and after the high or low level implementation of recommendations to prevent and control COVID-19, using the Mandatory National Health Insurance database.	6 and 12 months before and after the implementation of the preventive measures
Health economic study: evaluate Direct medical and non-medical costs	This secondary objective N°3 is to evaluate the economic impact of the implementation of prevention measures applied by nursing homes staff, from healthcare system and the NH perspectives. - Direct medical and non-medical costs rate to assess the cost-effectiveness of high-level implementation of recommendation to prevent and control COVID-19.	6 and 12 months before and after the implementation of the preventive measures
Health economic study: evaluate the mortality rate	This secondary objective N°3 is to evaluate the economic impact of the implementation of prevention measures applied by nursing homes staff, from healthcare system and the NH perspectives. - Mortality rate to assess the cost-effectiveness of high-level implementation of recommendation to prevent and control COVID-19.	6 and 12 months before and after the implementation of the preventive measures

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University Hospital, Toulouse

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): July 8, 2021
• Primary Completion (Actual): March 31, 2022
• Study Completion (Actual): March 31, 2022

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: January 28, 2021
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 4, 2021
• First Posted (Actual): February 5, 2021

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Estimate): March 10, 2023
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 8, 2023
• Last Verified: March 1, 2023

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: mortality; nursing homes; epidemic period; restriction measures impact; beneficial effects; deleterious effects
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Coronavirus Infections; Coronaviridae Infections; Nidovirales Infections; RNA Virus Infections; Virus Diseases; Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Pneumonia, Viral; Pneumonia; Lung Diseases; COVID-19
• Other Study ID Numbers: RC31/20/0300

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: UNDECIDED

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No