The Cardiovascular Consequences of Sleep Apnea Plus COPD (Overlap Syndrome) (CRESCENDO-SLP)

Major progress has been made in the area of cardiovascular disease, but we believe that further progress will involve mechanistically addressing underlying respiratory causes including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The most common cause of death in COPD is cardiovascular, although mechanisms are unknown. OSA has been associated with major neurocognitive and cardiovascular sequelae, the latter likely a function of autonomic nervous system abnormalities, oxidative stress, inflammation, and other pathways. Recent data suggest that individuals with OVS die preferentially of cardiovascular disease compared to OSA or COPD alone, although mechanisms are again unclear.

The combination of OSA and COPD may lead to profound hypoxemia. Individuals with COPD can develop pulmonary hypertension via disturbances in gas exchange and parenchymal injury leading to loss of pulmonary vasculature. OSA has been associated with mild to moderate pulmonary hypertension, but the situation may be worse if combined with parenchymal lung disease. The biological response to sustained hypoxemia has been carefully studied as has the topic of intermittent hypoxemia; however, to our knowledge, very little research has occurred regarding the combination of sustained plus intermittent hypoxia as seen in OVS. For example, we do not really know whether individuals with OVS develop coronary disease, right or left heart failure, dysrhythmias or some combination of abnormalities predisposing them to cardiovascular death. Thus, design of interventional studies is challenging as causal pathways are poorly understood despite our considerable preliminary data addressing these issues.

The purpose of this study is to examine vascular mechanisms in individuals with COPD/OSA overlap syndrome (OVS) compared with matched individuals with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) alone or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) alone and to perform a phase II pilot mechanistic clinical trial in OVS to examine the effect size of nocturnal bi-level positive airway pressure (PAP) vs. nocturnal oxygen therapy in cardiovascular outcomes.

Study Overview

• Status: Recruiting
• Conditions: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; Obstructive Sleep Apnea; Overlap Syndrome
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: Oxygen gas; Device: bi-level positive pressure non invasive ventilation

Detailed Description

For Aim 1, we will perform a cross-sectional clinical study that will allow us to test the hypothesis that individuals with OVS have increased markers of vascular risk compared with matched individuals with OSA alone or COPD alone. This aim will also allow us to compare the magnitude of the effect of OSA vs. COPD vs OVS for design of subsequent basic and clinical studies.

For Aim 2, we will perform a randomized 1:1 clinical trial stratified by sex that will allow us to test the hypothesis that bi-level PAP therapy is superior to oxygen in the treatment of individuals with OVS from the standpoint of right ventricular mass (primary outcome) and other cardiovascular risk parameters/outcomes. We will use these interventions as tools to explore their impacts on important biomarkers of interest e.g., miR210 may predict risk of atherosclerosis and changes in levels may give insight into mechanisms of our interventions. There is no sub-study analysis. The aim of the interventional section of this study (aim 2) is to analyze the effect on cardiovascular outcomes of both nocturnal oxygen therapy and bi-level therapy on patients with COPD-OSA overlap syndrome.

Participants will undergo the following activities:

• Eligibility screening (online or via phone; ~10 minutes)
• Subjects who screen positive: In-person eligibility assessment (~1.5 hours) including a history, exam, questionnaires, spirometry, and an overnight home sleep test.
• Participants who are eligible: Will come to the research lab for an overnight visit (~12 hours) which includes the following activities: general exam, questionnaires, blood test, measures of cardiovascular health (e.g., blood pressure), neurocognitive function (e.g., a memory test), a pulmonary function test, and an overnight sleep study to assess the severity of sleep apnea.
• After overnight visit 1, participants will come to day time visit 2 for the cardiac MRI. After this visit, participants who are only COPD or only OSA will have completed the study. Participants with OVS will be offered to continue the study. Participants will come to the research lab for a mask adaptation day visit; if they can tolerate a bilevel mask, they will be randomized to the oxygen versus the bi-level arm. We will ask participants to be on the therapy for 6 months, during which time the research team will make weekly calls to check adherence to the therapies.
• After 6 months on the treatment, OVS participants will come back to an overnight visit which includes the following tests: general exam, questionnaires, blood test, measures of cardiovascular health (e.g., blood pressure), neurocognitive function (e.g., a memory test), and an overnight sleep study. Additionally, they will have a day time visit for the Cardiac MRI.

Researchers will compare the effects of bi-level PAP on cardiovascular health with the effects of oxygen to see if bi-level may be an effective treatment for select patients with OVS.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Estimated): 240
• Phase: Phase 2

Contacts and Locations

• Study Contact: Name: Pamela DeYoung, BA; Phone Number: 8582462183; Email: pdeyoung@health.ucsd.edu

Study Locations

• United States
  • California
    • La Jolla, California, United States, 92037
      • Recruiting
      • UCSD Sleep Research
      • Contact: Pam DeYoung, RPSGT; Phone Number: 858-246-2154; Email: sleepresearch@health.ucsd.edu
      • Contact: Pamela DeYoung, RPSGT; Phone Number: 858 2462154; Email: pdeyoung@health.ucsd.edu

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 50 years to 70 years (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• Provision of signed and dated informed consent form.
• Stated willingness to comply with all study procedures and availability for the duration of the study.
• Persons aged 40-79.
• For women, only postmenopausal women will be included
• Diagnosed with untreated moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea (apnea-hypopnea index ≥15 events/hr and ≤80 events/hr) and/or diagnosed with COPD with FEV1/FVC ratio <0.7 and will be on stable medications as assessed by a board-certified pulmonologist.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Premenopausal women (i.e. women are pregnant or may become pregnant) or lactation
• Presence of specific devices: cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) such as pacemakers, implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) devices, metallic foreign bodies, implantable neurostimulation systems, cochlear implants/ear implant, drug infusion pumps (insulin delivery, analgesic drugs, or chemotherapy pumps), metallic fragments such as bullets, shotgun pellets, and metal shrapnel , cerebral artery aneurysm clips, magnetic dental implants, and artificial limb.
• Known allergic reactions to components of the study intervention: (if getting contrast, MRI contrast (gadolinium)).
• Concurrent severe sleep disorders (such as periodic limb movements, restless legs syndrome, narcolepsy, idiopathic hypersomnia, etc).
• Exhibit Cheyne-Stokes respiration or central sleep apnea (> 25 % of events central)
• Take potentially confounding medications or hormones that affect breathing.
• Subjects will be excluded if they are deemed medically unstable with active neurological, cardiac, liver, endocrine, and infectious diseases.
• We will also exclude participants with pulmonary disease apart from COPD.
• We will exclude participants with active cancer treatment.
• We will exclude azotemia (estimated glomerular fraction rate < 30ml/min) as there is some concern about giving gadolinium to these patients (if getting contrast MRI).
• people with exposures deemed to be problematic for the research e.g. any smoking in bedroom by participant or household member, major second-hand smoke, e-cigarettes, tetrahydrocannabinol, major drug or alcohol consumption (>3 oz/day) and other environmental pollution effects (indoor and outdoor).
• Individuals who are already on continuous O2 for COPD or PAP treatment for OSA.
• Patients with sustained desaturations below 89% during wake time will be excluded for ethical reasons since withholding oxygen in hypoxemic patients would be at odds with standard of care.
• Individuals with OSA (AHI range 15-80/hr) will be screened for pathological sleepiness and will be excluded if ESS >18/24, history of motor vehicle accident or near miss accident, or high-risk occupation.
• COPD individuals with arterial PCO2 higher than 52 mmHg will be excluded.
• Individuals who are currently incarcerated.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Treatment
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Double

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Oxygen; OVS subjects will receive treatment with oxygen during night time for 6 months	Drug: Oxygen gas; The dose of nocturnal oxygen in all participants in the oxygen therapy arm will be 2 liters/minute. Patients with daytime hypoxemia, measured as sustained desaturations below 89% during wake time and/or arterial blood PO2 ≤ 55 mmHg, will be excluded from this study (as specified in the exclusion criteria) for ethical reasons since withholding oxygen in hypoxemic patients would be at odds with standard of care.; Other Names: O2
Experimental: Bi-level positive pressure non invasive ventilation; OVS subjects will receive treatment with bi-level PAP therapy during night time for 6 months	Device: bi-level positive pressure non invasive ventilation; Participants randomized to the bi-level arm will be provided with an auto bi-level device that automatically delivers the required pressure. The settings in the auto bi-level will be minimum EPAP of 4 cmH2O, maximum IPAP of 24 cmH2O, and a range of pressure support between 6-10 cmH2O. For those participants who have been randomized to the bi-level group but have not successfully acclimated to the device with the automatic bi-level settings, we will conduct an in-lab titration of the bi-level therapy during the optional Overnight visit 2.; Other Names: Non invasive ventilation; BIPAP; Auto-bilevel

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Right ventricular mass	Cardiac magnet resonance imaging (CMRI): All subjects will undergo cardiac MRI measurements the same day they undergo the evaluation of vascular reactivity measurements. Supine cardiac MRI imaging will be performed using a 3T MR scanner (GE 750, GE Healthcare) with a 16-element cardiac coil for radiofrequency signal reception. Non-invasive blood pressure will be monitored during cardiac MRI scanning (Dinemap). Standard and novel MRI sequences will be used for myocardial tissue characterization, assessment of ventricular function, pulmonary hemodynamics, and aortic compliance	6 Months
Reactive Hyperemia Index	Based on a device called EndoPAT, which measures non-invasively bloodflow before, during, and after 5-minutes of occlusion to one arm.	6 months
5th generation troponin	Troponin will be measured from participant serum samples. Troponin is a marker of myocardial injury.	6 months
MiR-210	MicroRNA-210 will be measured from participant serum samples. miR210 may predict risk of atherosclerosis and changes in levels may give insight into mechanisms of our interventions	6 months

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Verbal Paired-Associates task	Participants will complete a word pairs task, which is a computerized memory assessment designed to prime participants to memorize 26 pairs of words in the evening. To assess sleep-dependent memory consolidation, recall of these word pairs are tested in the morning after the overnight sleep study.	6 months
Response Speed	Objective assessment of brain function will be done using 10-minute psychomotor vigilance test	6 months

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University of California, San Diego
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Atul Malhotra, MD, UCSD

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): February 13, 2024
• Primary Completion (Estimated): August 31, 2028
• Study Completion (Estimated): August 31, 2028

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: February 2, 2022
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 2, 2022
• First Posted (Actual): February 14, 2022

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): June 3, 2026
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: June 1, 2026
• Last Verified: June 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: COPD; OSA; obstructive sleep apnea; oxygen; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; cardiovascular health; PAP therapy
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Nervous System Diseases; Pathologic Processes; Chronic Disease; Disease Attributes; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Lung Diseases; Respiration Disorders; Lung Diseases, Obstructive; Sleep Wake Disorders; Apnea; Sleep Disorders, Intrinsic; Dyssomnias; Sleep Apnea Syndromes; Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive; Therapeutics; Airway Management; Respiratory Therapy; Respiration, Artificial; Noninvasive Ventilation; nitrox
• Other Study ID Numbers: 808025

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: Yes
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No
• product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.: No