The Effect of Mobile Online Training Applied to Patients With Diabetes on Insulin Therapy

The Effect of Health Belief Model-Based Mobile Online Training Applied to Patients With Diabetes on Insulin Therapy

This study aims to investigate the effect of health belief model-based mobile online training applied to patients with diabetes on insulin therapy.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Health Belief Model-Based Mobile Online Training

Detailed Description

Intervention and control group participants were invited to the Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Outpatient Clinic for a pre-test. n addition, each group was given insulin injection practice training using an insulin injection model. Whether the application was correct, incomplete, or incorrect was recorded on the observation form by the diabetes nurse. The web-based "Insulin Guide" mobile application prepared by the researcher was installed on the phones of the intervention group participants. They were asked to use this application for three months, at least three hours a week. Participants were followed up through the application. Participants who did not use the application were informed by SMS or phone and asked to use the application. Participants who did not use the application were excluded from the study. No intervention was made for the control group participants. At the end of three months, the participants in the intervention and control groups were invited to the Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Outpatient Clinic for a post-test. Both groups were asked to practice again on the insulin injection model. Whether the application was correct, incomplete, or incorrect was recorded on the observation form by the diabetes nurse.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 148
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Turkey
  • Erzurum, Turkey
    • Ataturk Universty

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 65 years (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Research Inclusion Criteria

• Type 1 DM
• Type 2 DM (Diagnosed at least six months ago)
• Patients receiving insulin therapy
• Patients in the 18-65 age group
• Literate patients
• Patients, or patients with a relative, who has an electronic device such as a smartphone, computer, etc. that can connect to the Internet.
• Patients who have no psychiatric illness or communication barrier (visual, auditory, and speech disability)
• Individuals who agreed to participate in the research.

Research Exclusion Criteria

• Patients who receive treatment with oral anti-DM only
• Patients who use an insulin pump
• Patients who quit the training.
• Patients who had a change in treatment
• Patients who traveled to a place that cannot provide an Internet connection

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Supportive Care
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Intervention group; The web-based "Insulin Guide" mobile application prepared by the researcher was installed on the phones of the intervention group participants. They were asked to use this application for three months, at least three hours a week. Participants were followed up through the application. Participants who did not use the application were informed by SMS or phone and asked to use the application. Participants who did not use the application were excluded from the study. At the end of three months, the participants in the intervention groups were invited to the Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Outpatient Clinic for a post-test. Both groups were asked to practice again on the insulin injection model. Whether the application was correct, incomplete, or incorrect was recorded on the observation form by the diabetes nurse.	Behavioral: Health Belief Model-Based Mobile Online Training; Health Belief Model-Based Mobile Online Training
No Intervention: control group; Control group participants were invited to the Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Polyclinic for the pre-test. They were asked to administer insulin injections using an insulin injection model. Whether the application was correct, incomplete or incorrect was recorded in the observation form by the diabetes nurse. No intervention was made to the participants. At the end of three months, the participants in the control group were invited to the Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Polyclinic for the final test. And they were asked to repeat the insulin injection model. Whether the application was correct, incomplete or incorrect was recorded in the observation form by the diabetes nurse.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Evaluation of Participants' Metabolic Variables (Body Mass Index (BMI)	The metabolic variables (Body Mass Index) of the individuals in the experimental and control groups were taken from hospital records and evaluated. With the developed web-based mobile "Insulin Guide" application, the experimental group was trained for three months. No intervention was made in the control group. Three months later, the BMI values of individuals in both the experimental and control groups were re-evaluated from the hospital records.	Three months
Evaluation of Participants' Metabolic Variables ( Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS))	The metabolic variables (Fasting Blood Sugar) of the individuals in the experimental and control groups were evaluated by taking them from the hospital records. With the developed web-based mobile "Insulin Guide" application, the experimental group was trained for three months. No intervention was made in the control group. Three months later, the FBC values of individuals in both the experimental and control groups were re-evaluated from the hospital records.	Three months
Evaluation of Participants' Metabolic Variables (High Density Lipoprotein (HDL))	The metabolic variables (High Density Lipoprotein) of the individuals in the experimental and control groups were evaluated from hospital records. With the developed web-based mobile "Insulin Guide" application, the experimental group was trained for three months. No intervention was made in the control group. Three months later, HDL values of individuals in both the experimental and control groups were re-evaluated from hospital records.	Three months
Evaluation of Participants' Metabolic Variables (Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL))	The metabolic variables (Low Density Lipoprotein) of the individuals in the experimental and control groups were evaluated from hospital records. With the developed web-based mobile "Insulin Guide" application, the experimental group was trained for three months. No intervention was made in the control group. Three months later, the LDL values of individuals in both the experimental and control groups were re-evaluated from the hospital records.	Three months
Evaluation of Participants' Metabolic Variables (HgA1C)	HgA1C, one of the metabolic variables of the individuals in the experimental and control groups, was taken from hospital records and evaluated. With the developed web-based mobile "Insulin Guide" application, the experimental group was trained for three months. No intervention was made in the control group. Three months later, HgA1C values of individuals in both the experimental and control groups were re-evaluated from hospital records.	Three months
Evaluation of Participants' Self-Management of Insulin Therapy	Insulin therapy self-management of individuals in the experimental and control groups was evaluated with the "Insulin Therapy Self-Management Scale". With the developed web-based mobile "Insulin Guide" application, the experimental group was trained for three months. No intervention was made in the control group. Three months later, the insulin therapy self-management of individuals in both the experimental and control groups was re-evaluated with the "Insulin Therapy Self-Management Scale". "Insulin Therapy Self-Management Scale" is a scale used to evaluate the knowledge-skill levels and positive-negative attitudes of individuals with diabetes towards insulin therapy. The increase in the scores obtained in all sub-dimensions indicates that the self-management levels in that dimension increase.	Three months
Evaluation of Participants' Health Belief Attitudes and Behaviors	The health belief attitudes and behaviors of the individuals in the experimental and control groups were evaluated with the "Health Belief Model Scale". With the developed web-based mobile "Insulin Guide" application, the experimental group was trained for three months. No intervention was made in the control group. Three months later, the health belief attitudes and behaviors of individuals in both the experimental and control groups were re-evaluated using the "Health Belief Model Scale". The scale used to evaluate the health belief attitudes and health behaviors of individuals with diabetes consists of a total of 33 items. If the score obtained from the scale is four and above, it indicates positive health belief, and if it is less than four, it indicates negative health belief.	Three months
Evaluation of Participants' Insulin Injection Administration Skill Levels	The insulin injection application skill levels of the individuals in the experimental and control groups were evaluated with the "Insulin Injection Skill Observation Form" prepared by the researcher in line with the literature. With the developed web-based mobile "Insulin Guide" application, the experimental group was trained for three months. No intervention was made in the control group. Three months later, the insulin injection skill levels of both the experimental and control groups were re-evaluated with the "Insulin Injection Skill Observation Form". "Insulin Injection Skill Observation Form" was developed with the aim of objectively evaluating insulin injection application performance. It consists of 21 items in total. If the patient did the application wrong, he/she gets 0 points, if he/she did it incompletely, he/she gets 1 point, and if he/she did it completely, he/she gets 2 points. The higher the average score, the higher will be their insulin injection skill level.	Three months

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Ataturk University

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): December 30, 2021
• Primary Completion (Actual): December 30, 2022
• Study Completion (Actual): February 20, 2023

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: February 22, 2023
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 24, 2023
• First Posted (Actual): March 28, 2023

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): March 28, 2023
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: March 24, 2023
• Last Verified: March 1, 2023

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Diabetes; insulin therapy; health belief model; web-based mobile training; insulin self-management; insulin injection skill
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Glucose Metabolism Disorders; Metabolic Diseases; Immune System Diseases; Autoimmune Diseases; Endocrine System Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
• Other Study ID Numbers: BÜŞRA TEZ

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No