Virtual Reality to Cope With Academic Stress

Virtual Reality to Cope With Academic Exams: Effects on Stress and Academic Performance in Physiotherapy and Nursing Students of University of the Balearic Islands

The new technologies may facilitate the teaching-learning process through the ubiquitous and active approach. However, stress from academic exams remains being high among undergraduate students. Although new technologies could be useful to simulate and control academic stressful situations through immersive virtual reality, no studies to date have evaluated its effectiveness. This study is designed to evaluate the effects of a virtual reality program to visualize stressful academic situations like exams on the level of psychological and physiological stress and academic performance of Physiotherapy and Nursing undergraduate students. To this end, an experimental study with two experimental groups and one control group is designed: experimental group 1 (EG1) will complete a 4-weeks program of guided visualization of exams through immersive virtual reality; experimental group 2 (EG2) will complete a 4-weeks program of traditional guided visualization of exams (through audio); control group (CG) will not receive any visualization program, as the most habitual strategy to cope with exams among students. Before and after the intervention period, all students will fulfill an online questionnaire to inform about their level of academic stress (SISCO inventory) and perceived stress from the last month (Perceived Stress Scale). Also, just before starting the exam they will have been visualizing, level of stress (0 to 10 points), blood pressure (mmHg), maximal heart rate (ppm) and salivary cortisol level will be assessed in all students. Qualifications of the exam will be also collected. Intra-group differences and between-group differences at post-intervention time will be obtained.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Stress, Psychological; Stress, Physiological
• Intervention / Treatment: Behavioral: Guided visualization of exams through immersive virtual reality; Behavioral: Guided visualization of exams through traditional method

Detailed Description

As eligibility criteria, participants should be enrolled in at least 80% of subjects of an usual academic course during the year in which the study is carrying out; and not to have previous experience in similar guided visualization to cope with stressful situations.

Intervention of EG1: The 4-weeks program with virtual reality will consist of a 30-minutes guided visualization session through virtual reality glasses (two sessions per week). Students will visualize a 360º video that simulates the entire experience of an exam, from first person perspective.

Intervention of EG2: The 4-weeks program of traditional visualization will consist of a 30-minutes traditional guided visualization session, by listening only the part of the audio used for EG1.

CG will not receive any intervention, as the most used strategy to cope with exams among students. After finishing the study, this group will receive the same program that EG1 or EG2 received, if they are interested.

The main outcomes will be the intra-group and between-group changes in the level of academic stress and the perceived stress from the last month. Also, between-group differences in the level of stress (0 to 10 points), arterial tension (mmHg), maximal heart rate (ppm) and salivary cortisol level just before exams.

As secondary outcomes, between-group differences in qualifications of exams that they will have been visualizing will be also considered (it will be taken into account their average qualifications in the degree).

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 20
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Spain
  • Balearic Islands
    • Palma De Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain, 07122
      • University of the Balearic Islands

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Adult; Older Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• To be enrolled in at least 80% of subjects of an usual academic course during the year in which the study is carrying out.
• Not to have previous experience in guided visualization to cope with stressful situations.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Not to understand the Spanish language

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Prevention
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Double

Number of Arms

3

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Experimental group 1; The program with virtual reality will consist of a 30-minutes guided visualization session through virtual reality glasses. Students will visualize a 360º video that simulates the entire experience of an exam, from first person perspective.	Behavioral: Guided visualization of exams through immersive virtual reality; During 4 weeks (twice per week), students will visualize a 30-minutes 360º video that simulates the experience of an exam, from first person perspective.
Active Comparator: Experimental group 2; The 4-weeks program will consist of a 30-minutes traditional guided visualization session, by listening only the part of the audio used for EG1.	Behavioral: Guided visualization of exams through traditional method; During 4 weeks (twice per week), students will listen a 30-minutes audio that explains the experience of an exam from first person.
No Intervention: Control group; This group will not receive any intervention, as the most used strategy to cope with exams among students.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Academic stress	Between-group and intra-group differences in academic stress, which will be registered with the SISCO Inventory version-21. This is the 21-items "Inventario SIStémico COgnoscitivista" for the study of the academic stress, composed by 21 items: the first item is dichotomous (yes-no) and the remaining 20 items are 5-point Likert scale, scored from 1 (never) to 5 (always). The maximal punctuation is 100 (maximal stress).	4 weeks
Perceived stress in the last month	Between-group and intra-group differences in perceived stress of the last month, which will be registered with the Perceived Stress Scale. This survey has 10 questions (using Likert scales from 0-5, being 0 never and 5 very often). To interpret this questionnaire, individual scores can range from 0 to 40 with higher scores indicating higher perceived stress.	4 weeks

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Exam qualification (0 to 10 punctuation) pondered by the average qualification of the degree	Between-group differences in the exam qualification (it refers to exam that students will have been visualizing) just before starting the exam. The qualification of the exam will range from 0 (the worst punctuation) to 10 (perfect punctuation). In this outcome, the average qualification of the degree for each student will be considered (from the worst, 0 points, to the best, 10 points). For example, if the student has 8 points as average qualification of the degree and obtains an exam qualification of 9 points, it will be pondered as follows: 9/8 = 1.125.	One week after the exam (an only measurement)
Level of current perceived stress	Between-group differences in the level of perceived stress just at the moment prior to start the exam (10 minutes earlier). To evaluate it, students will inform about what level of stress they are feeling at that moment (being 0, no stress, and 10 maximal stress).	Immediately before the exam
Blood pressure	Between-group differences in the blood pressure just before starting the exam. It will be recorded by a healthcare professional by using a stethoscope and registering the systolic and diastolic blood pressure.	Immediately before the exam
Maximal heart rate	Between-group differences in the maximal heart rate just before starting the exam	Immediately before the exam
Salivary cortisol level	Between-group differences in the salivary cortisol level just before starting the exam	Immediately before the exam

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: University of the Balearic Islands
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Natalia Romero-Franco, PhD, University of the Balearic Islands

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Seabrook E, Kelly R, Foley F, Theiler S, Thomas N, Wadley G, Nedeljkovic M. Understanding How Virtual Reality Can Support Mindfulness Practice: Mixed Methods Study. J Med Internet Res. 2020 Mar 18;22(3):e16106. doi: 10.2196/16106.
• Riva G, Banos RM, Botella C, Mantovani F, Gaggioli A. Transforming Experience: The Potential of Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality for Enhancing Personal and Clinical Change. Front Psychiatry. 2016 Sep 30;7:164. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00164. eCollection 2016.
• Lacey C, Frampton C, Beaglehole B. oVRcome - Self-guided virtual reality for specific phobias: A randomised controlled trial. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2023 May;57(5):736-744. doi: 10.1177/00048674221110779. Epub 2022 Jul 11.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): April 2, 2023
• Primary Completion (Actual): July 9, 2023
• Study Completion (Actual): June 30, 2024

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: March 29, 2023
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: April 12, 2023
• First Posted (Actual): April 25, 2023

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): July 11, 2024
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: July 9, 2024
• Last Verified: July 1, 2024

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Virtual Reality; Education; Students
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Behavioral Symptoms; Stress, Psychological
• Other Study ID Numbers: IB4958/22PI

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: NO

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No