Comparison of Remifentanil With a Combination of Remimazolam and Dexmedetomidine for Awake Tracheal Intubation

Comparison of the Safety and Effectiveness of Remifentanil With a Combination of Remimazolam and Dexmedetomidine for Awake Fibreoptic Nasotracheal Intubation

Awake fiberoptic intubation (AFOI) requires airway surface anesthesia to inhibit pharyngeal reflex, glottis closure reflex, and cough reflex. Additionally, the use of sedative drugs can enhance patient comfort and tolerance, reduce anxiety, and eliminate harmful effects on systemic hemodynamics.The objective of this study is to compare the safety and efficacy of remifentanil alone versus a combination of dexmedetomidine and remifentanil for sedation during conscious tracheal intubation.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Difficult or Failed Intubation; Sedative Adverse Reaction
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: remimazolam combined with remifentanil; Drug: dexmedetomidine combined with remifentanil

Detailed Description

Awake fiberoptic intubation (AFOI) is regarded as the gold standard for managing anticipated difficult airways due to its high success rate and low risk. However, awake intubation can induce significant stress responses in patients, including increased heart rate, severe blood pressure fluctuations, and intense coughing. Therefore, during awake intubation, airway local anesthesia techniques are necessary to suppress the gag reflex, glottic closure reflex, and cough reflex, enabling the patient to tolerate the stress responses associated with intubation. In addition to local anesthesia, sedatives are typically required to enhance patient comfort and tolerance, reduce anxiety, and minimize adverse effects on systemic hemodynamics. However, excessive sedation can lead to complications such as airway collapse, hypoxemia, and respiratory depression, while insufficient sedation may result in severe coughing and discomfort. The ideal sedative state preserves spontaneous breathing, maintains low sensitivity to nausea and vomiting, and allows for awakening if necessary. Safety and comfort are the primary considerations in selecting sedative medications; therefore, sedative and analgesic drugs used in AFOI should be short-acting, easily titratable, and minimally suppressive of spontaneous respiration.The most commonly used sedatives include benzodiazepines, propofol, remifentanil, and dexmedetomidine. During AFOI, a combination of the two drugs can be used to meet the requirements of sedation and analgesia. Remifentanil has a fast onset, fast elimination, and does not rely on liver and kidney function. It is the first ultra short acting opioid drug in clinical practice, and its termination of action is not significantly related to infusion time and dose. It provides sufficient analgesia and good anesthesia controllability for patients with difficult airway during conscious intubation. Rimazolen is an ester metabolite derivative of the benzodiazepine drug midazolam, which has been successfully used for the induction and maintenance of programmed sedation and general anesthesia due to its fast onset, short duration of sedative effect, and short recovery time, with a half-life of 5-10 minutes. In addition, remifentanil has no effect on heart rate, electrocardiogram, blood pressure, and respiratory rate. Rimazolen accumulates rarely after long-term infusion and does not affect liver and kidney function, making it safe for patients with liver or kidney dysfunction. In addition, remifentanil sedation can be reversed by flumazenil, and it may be a useful medication in clinical situations that require maintenance of spontaneous ventilation. Research reports that the combination of benzodiazepines and opioids may be an ideal drug for AFOI. Dexmedetomidine is a highly selective α 2-adrenergic agonist that produces dose-dependent sedative and anti anxiety effects, with a certain degree of analgesic effect. It can preserve airway reflex, dilate tracheal smooth muscle, and inhibit cough response without causing respiratory depression. However, it may cause bradycardia, heart block, and hypotension, and has a slow onset when used alone. Dexmedetomidine has a rapid onset of action and a terminal half-life of 2 hours. It is metabolized in the liver and its metabolites are eliminated through urine. Therefore, the dosage should be reduced appropriately in patients with renal or liver dysfunction. Dexmedetomidine combined with opioid drugs is also commonly used for AFOI.

There is currently no consensus on the safest and most effective sedative drugs for conscious tracheal intubation, and using a single drug often fails to meet all the requirements of Awake Fiberoptic Intubation (AFOI). The ideal sedative should provide effective conscious sedation while maintaining autonomous ventilation, ensuring smooth intubation conditions, and stabilizing hemodynamics. Therefore, the objective of this study is to compare the safety and efficacy of remifentanil alone versus a combination of dexmedetomidine and remifentanil for sedation during conscious tracheal intubation.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 64
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• China
  • Jiangsu
    • Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 210000
      • Nanjing First Hospital

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Adult; Older Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Patients scheduled for elective open cervical spine surgery.
2. Age 18-65 years old
3. ASA classifications of I-III
4. BMI<30kg/m2

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients allergic to propofol, midazolam, dexmedetomidine, remifentanil.
2. Second- or third-degree atrioventricular block, rate <50 beats/min, systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg
3. Acute exacerbation of respiratory diseases such as asthma, bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
4. Patients with acute arrhythmias and severe heart disease (congenital, valvular diseases)
5. Patients with severe liver or kidney dysfunction requiring replacement therapy
6. Patients with severe mental disorders requiring medication for symptom control and experiencing communication barriers
7. Patients with moderate to severe anemia, coagulation disorders, and hematologic diseases
8. Patients with basal skull fractures, facial fractures, significantly deviated nasal septum, or nasal cavity diseases causing severe nasal congestion
9. patients on long-term opioids or sedative medication

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Prevention
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

2

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: group remimazolam-remifentanil; received remimazolam as a loading dose of 0.05 mg·kg-¹, followed by continuous infusion at 0.5mg·kg-¹·h-¹	Drug: remimazolam combined with remifentanil; Patients in this group will receive remimazolam as a loading dose of 0.05 mg·kg-¹, followed by continuous infusion at 0.5mg·kg-¹·h-¹and a dose of 0.1 μg/kg/min remifentanilvia separate syringe pumps.; Other Names: remimazolam-remifentanil; Drug: dexmedetomidine combined with remifentanil; Patients in this group will receive a loading dose of dexmedetomidine 0.5μg/kg over 10 minutes intravenously, and then a dose of 0.1 μg/kg/min remifentanil and 0.5 μg/kg/h dexmedetomidine via separate syringe pumps.; Other Names: dexmedetomidine-remifentanil
Experimental: group dexmedetomidine-remifentanil; eceived dexmedetomidine as a loading dose of 0.5 μg·kg-¹ over 10 minutes, followed by continuous infusion at 0.5 μg·kg-¹·h-¹.	Drug: remimazolam combined with remifentanil; Patients in this group will receive remimazolam as a loading dose of 0.05 mg·kg-¹, followed by continuous infusion at 0.5mg·kg-¹·h-¹and a dose of 0.1 μg/kg/min remifentanilvia separate syringe pumps.; Other Names: remimazolam-remifentanil; Drug: dexmedetomidine combined with remifentanil; Patients in this group will receive a loading dose of dexmedetomidine 0.5μg/kg over 10 minutes intravenously, and then a dose of 0.1 μg/kg/min remifentanil and 0.5 μg/kg/h dexmedetomidine via separate syringe pumps.; Other Names: dexmedetomidine-remifentanil

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Vocal cord mobility	1 = fully patent, 2 = partial mobility, 3 = partial closure, 4 = complete closure	preoperative
Cough response	1 = absent, 2 = mild, 3 = moderate, 4 = severe	preoperative
extremity movement	1 = none, 2 = mild, 3 = moderate, 4 = severe	preoperative

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
hypoxia	SPO2<90%	intraoperative
occurrence of adverse reactions other than hypoxia	hypertension, hypotension, tachycardia, bradycardia	intraoperative
clinical outcome immediately following the Awake Fiberoptic Intubation	1, cooperative; 2, restless with minimal resistance; 3, severe resistance with immediate application of general anesthesia	intraoperative
recall of the Awake Fiberoptic Intubation	1 = none, 2 = partial, and 3 = full	postoperative 24 hours
satisfaction score of the Awake Fiberoptic Intubation	1 = excellent, 2 = good, 3 = acceptable, and 4 = poor	postoperative 24 hours
Airway patency	1 = fully patent, 2 = obstruction relieved by neck extension, 3 = obstruction requiring jaw retraction	intraoperative
intubation comfort scores	1 = no reaction; 2 = slight grimacing; 3 = severe grimacing; 4 = verbal objection; and 5 = defensive movement of the head, hands, or feet)	intraoperative
side effects	sore throat and nasal bleeding	postoperative 24 hours

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University
• Investigators: Study Director: Hongwei Shi, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): June 14, 2024
• Primary Completion (Actual): March 4, 2026
• Study Completion (Actual): March 4, 2026

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: August 30, 2024
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: August 30, 2024
• First Posted (Actual): September 3, 2024

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Actual): July 13, 2026
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: July 8, 2026
• Last Verified: May 1, 2024

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Remifentanil; Dexmedetomidine; AFOI; Rimazazolam
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Organic Chemicals; Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring; Heterocyclic Compounds; Acids, Acyclic; Carboxylic Acids; Piperidines; Propionates; Remifentanil
• Other Study ID Numbers: KY20240514-01

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No
• product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.: No