The effects of resistance training with or without peanut protein supplementation on skeletal muscle and strength adaptations in older individuals

Donald A Lamb, Johnathon H Moore, Morgan A Smith, Christopher G Vann, Shelby C Osburn, Bradley A Ruple, Carlton D Fox, Kristen S Smith, Olivia M Altonji, Zade M Power, Annsley E Cerovsky, C Owen Ross, Andy T Cao, Michael D Goodlett, Kevin W Huggins, Andrew D Fruge, Kaelin C Young, Michael D Roberts, Donald A Lamb, Johnathon H Moore, Morgan A Smith, Christopher G Vann, Shelby C Osburn, Bradley A Ruple, Carlton D Fox, Kristen S Smith, Olivia M Altonji, Zade M Power, Annsley E Cerovsky, C Owen Ross, Andy T Cao, Michael D Goodlett, Kevin W Huggins, Andrew D Fruge, Kaelin C Young, Michael D Roberts

Abstract

Several studies suggest resistance training (RT) while supplementing with various protein supplements can enhance strength and muscle mass in older individuals. However, to date, no study has examined the effects of RT with a peanut protein powder (PP) supplement on these outcomes. Herein, 39 older, untrained individuals (n = 17 female, n = 22 male; age = 58.6 ± 8.0 years; body mass index =28.7 ± 5.8) completed a 6-week (n = 22) or 10-week (n = 17) RT program, where full-body training was implemented twice weekly (ClinicalTrials.gov trial registration NCT04015479; registered July 11, 2019). Participants in each program were randomly assigned to consume either a PP supplement once per day (75 total g powder providing 30 g protein, > 9.2 g essential amino acids, ~ 315 kcal; n = 20) or no supplement (CTL; n = 19). Right leg vastus lateralis (VL) muscle biopsies were obtained prior to and 24 h following the first training bout in all participants to assess the change in myofibrillar protein synthetic rates (MyoPS) as measured via the deuterium-oxide (D2O) tracer method. Pre- and Post-intervention testing in all participants was conducted using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), VL ultrasound imaging, a peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) scan at the mid-thigh, and right leg isokinetic dynamometer assessments. Integrated MyoPS rates over a 24-h period were not significantly different (p < 0.05) between supplement groups following the first training bout. Regarding chronic changes, there were no significant supplement-by-time interactions in DXA-derived fat mass, lean soft tissue mass or percent body fat between supplementation groups. There was, however, a significant increase in VL thickness in PP versus CTL participants when the 6- and 10-week cohorts were pooled (interaction p = 0.041). There was also a significant increase in knee flexion torque in the 10-week PP group versus the CTL group (interaction p = 0.032). In conclusion, a higher-protein, defatted peanut powder supplement in combination with RT positively affects select markers of muscle hypertrophy and strength in an untrained, older adult population. Moreover, subanalyses indicated that gender did not play a role in these adaptations.

Keywords: Aging; Muscle; Peanut protein supplementation; Resistance training.

Conflict of interest statement

None of the authors has competing interests to declare.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Study Design. Legend: The figure above outlines the study design for the 10-week cohort. Note, that the second (6-week) cohort followed the same experimental procedures with the exception of training duration, which lasted only 6 weeks (or 12 total workouts)
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Myofibrillar protein synthesis rates following the first bout of training with or without PP supplementation. Legend: No differences between conditions existed for the leg extensor (panel a) or leg press (panel b) training volume during the first training bout. Saliva D2O enrichment increased from baseline V2 to V3 and V4 regardless of supplementation (panel c). Myofibrillar protein synthesis rates 24 h following the first exercise bout did not differ between PP and CTL participants (panel d). All data are presented as mean ± standard deviation values. Abbreviations: PP, peanut powder supplemented participants; CTL, non-supplemented participants
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
CONSORT Diagram. Legend: The diagram indicates how many individuals were screened and completed the intervention
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Differences in Exercise Volumes over the Duration of Training. Legend: Data in this figure indicate that bench press volume (panel a), lat pulldown volume (panel b), leg press volume (panel c), leg extension volume (panel d), and leg curl volume (panel e) did not differ between supplementation groups in the 6-week, 10-week or pooled cohorts. All data are presented as mean ± standard deviation values. Abbreviations: PP, peanut powder supplemented participants; CTL, non-supplemented participants
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Changes in DXA Fat Mass, LSTM and Percent Body Fat. Legend: Data in this figure indicate that changes in DXA-derived fat mass (panel a), DXA-derived lean soft tissue mass (panel b), or DXA-derived percent body fat (panel c) did not differ between supplementation groups. All data are presented as mean ± standard deviation values. Abbreviations: PP, peanut powder supplemented participants; CTL, non-supplemented participants
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Changes in Mid-thigh Muscle Hypertrophy Measurements. Legend: Data in this figure indicate that vastus lateralis (VL) muscle thickness increased in PP participants when the 6- and 10-week cohorts were pooled, whereas this did not occur in CTL participants (panel a). However, a significant interaction was not observed in pQCT-derived mid-thigh lean muscle cross sectional area values (panel b) or mid-thigh pQCT-derived muscle density (panel c). All data are presented as mean ± standard deviation values. Abbreviations: PP, peanut powder supplemented participants; CTL, non-supplemented participants. Symbols: *, significant increase within PP from Pre to Post (p < 0.05); #, PP < CTL at Pre (p < 0.05)
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Right Leg Knee Extensor and Flexion Peak Torque. Legend: Data in this figure indicate that knee extensor peak torque increased with training, regardless of supplementation (panel a). The same was observed with knee flexion peak torque (panel b); however, PP supplementation increased this metric in the 10-week cohort, whereas this metric did not increase in CTL participants. All data are presented as mean ± standard deviation values. Abbreviations: PP, peanut powder supplemented participants; CTL, non-supplemented participants. Symbols: *, significant increase within PP from Pre to Post (p < 0.05)
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
Select correlations between age and key dependent variables in each supplement group. Legend: These data show correlations between age and change in DXA LSTM (panel a), change in pQCT muscle density (panel b), and change in pQCT mCSA (panel c). Abbreviations: PP, peanut powder supplemented participants; CTL, non-supplemented participants

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