Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders during 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

GBD 2015 Neurological Disorders Collaborator Group, Valery L Feigin, Amanuel Alemu Abajobir, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Foad Abd-Allah, Abdishakur M Abdulle, Semaw Ferede Abera, Gebre Yitayih Abyu, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Amani Nidhal Aichour, Ibtihel Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour, Rufus Olusola Akinyemi, Samer Alabed, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Azmeraw T Amare, Hossein Ansari, Palwasha Anwari, Johan Ärnlöv, Hamid Asayesh, Solomon Weldegebreal Asgedom, Tesfay Mehari Atey, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Euripide Frinel, G Arthur Avokpaho, Mahmood Reza Azarpazhooh, Aleksandra Barac, Miguel Barboza, Suzanne L Barker-Collo, Till Bärnighausen, Neeraj Bedi, Ettore Beghi, Derrick A Bennett, Isabela M Bensenor, Adugnaw Berhane, Balem Demtsu Betsu, Soumyadeep Bhaumik, Sait Mentes Birlik, Stan Biryukov, Dube Jara Boneya, Lemma Negesa Bulto Bulto, Hélène Carabin, Daniel Casey, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Ferrán Catalá-López, Honglei Chen, Abdulaal A Chitheer, Rajiv Chowdhury, Hanne Christensen, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Gabrielle A de Veber, Samath D Dharmaratne, Huyen Phuc Do, Klara Dokova, E Ray Dorsey, Richard G Ellenbogen, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Maryam S Farvid, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Florian Fischer, Kyle J Foreman, Johanna M Geleijnse, Richard F Gillum, Giorgia Giussani, Ellen M Goldberg, Philimon N Gona, Alessandra Carvalho Goulart, Harish Chander Gugnani, Rahul Gupta, Vladimir Hachinski, Rajeev Gupta, Randah Ribhi Hamadeh, Mitiku Hambisa, Graeme J Hankey, Habtamu Abera Hareri, Rasmus Havmoeller, Simon I Hay, Pouria Heydarpour, Peter J Hotez, Mihajlo Michael B Jakovljevic, Mehdi Javanbakht, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Jost B Jonas, Yogeshwar Kalkonde, Amit Kandel, André Karch, Amir Kasaeian, Anshul Kastor, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Yousef Saleh Khader, Ibrahim A Khalil, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Young-Ho Khang, Abdullah Tawfih, Abdullah Khoja, Jagdish Khubchandani, Chanda Kulkarni, Daniel Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Mika Kivimaki, Yoshihiro Kokubo, Soewarta Kosen, Michael Kravchenko, Rita Vanmala Krishnamurthi, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, G Anil Kumar, Rashmi Kumar, Hmwe H Kyu, Anders Larsson, Pablo M Lavados, Yongmei Li, Xiaofeng Liang, Misgan Legesse Liben, Warren D Lo, Giancarlo Logroscino, Paulo A Lotufo, Clement T Loy, Mark T Mackay, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Azeem Majeed, Reza Malekzadeh, Treh Manhertz, Lorenzo G Mantovani, João Massano, Mohsen Mazidi, Colm McAlinden, Suresh Mehata, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Ziad A Memish, Walter Mendoza, Mubarek Abera Mengistie, George A Mensah, Atte Meretoja, Haftay Berhane Mezgebe, Ted R Miller, Shiva Raj Mishra, Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim, Alireza Mohammadi, Kedir Endris Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Ali H Mokdad, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Ilais Moreno Velasquez, Kamarul Imran Musa, Mohsen Naghavi, Josephine Wanjiku Ngunjiri, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Grant Nguyen, Quyen Le Nguyen, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Emma Nichols, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Vuong Minh Nong, Bo Norrving, Jean Jacques N Noubiap, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Mayowa O Owolabi, Jeyaraj D Pandian, Priyakumari Ganesh Parmar, David M Pereira, Max Petzold, Michael Robert Phillips, Michael A Piradov, Richie G Poulton, Farshad Pourmalek, Mostafa Qorbani, Anwar Rafay, Mahfuzar Rahman, Mohammad HifzUr Rahman, Rajesh Kumar Rai, Sasa Rajsic, Annemarei Ranta, Salman Rawaf, Andre M N Renzaho, Mohammad Sadegh Rezai, Gregory A Roth, Gholamreza Roshandel, Enrico Rubagotti, Perminder Sachdev, Saeid Safiri, Ramesh Sahathevan, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Abdallah M Samy, Paula Santalucia, Itamar S Santos, Benn Sartorius, Maheswar Satpathy, Monika Sawhney, Mete I Saylan, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Masood Ali Shaikh, Raad Shakir, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Kevin N Sheth, Mika Shigematsu, Haitham Shoman, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Mari Smith, Eugene Sobngwi, Luciano A Sposato, Jeffrey D Stanaway, Dan J Stein, Timothy J Steiner, Lars Jacob Stovner, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Cassandra Ei Szoeke, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, David Tanne, Alice M Theadom, Amanda G Thrift, David L Tirschwell, Roman Topor-Madry, Bach Xuan Tran, Thomas Truelsen, Kald Beshir Tuem, Kingsley Nnanna Ukwaja, Olalekan A Uthman, Yuri Y Varakin, Tommi Vasankari, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov, Fiseha Wadilo, Tolassa Wakayo, Mitchell T Wallin, Elisabete Weiderpass, Ronny Westerman, Tissa Wijeratne, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Minyahil Alebachew Woldu, Charles D A Wolfe, Denis Xavier, Gelin Xu, Yuichiro Yano, Hassen Hamid Yimam, Naohiro Yonemoto, Chuanhua Yu, Zoubida Zaidi, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Joseph R Zunt, Christopher J L Murray, Theo Vos, GBD 2015 Neurological Disorders Collaborator Group, Valery L Feigin, Amanuel Alemu Abajobir, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Foad Abd-Allah, Abdishakur M Abdulle, Semaw Ferede Abera, Gebre Yitayih Abyu, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Amani Nidhal Aichour, Ibtihel Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour, Rufus Olusola Akinyemi, Samer Alabed, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Azmeraw T Amare, Hossein Ansari, Palwasha Anwari, Johan Ärnlöv, Hamid Asayesh, Solomon Weldegebreal Asgedom, Tesfay Mehari Atey, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Euripide Frinel, G Arthur Avokpaho, Mahmood Reza Azarpazhooh, Aleksandra Barac, Miguel Barboza, Suzanne L Barker-Collo, Till Bärnighausen, Neeraj Bedi, Ettore Beghi, Derrick A Bennett, Isabela M Bensenor, Adugnaw Berhane, Balem Demtsu Betsu, Soumyadeep Bhaumik, Sait Mentes Birlik, Stan Biryukov, Dube Jara Boneya, Lemma Negesa Bulto Bulto, Hélène Carabin, Daniel Casey, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Ferrán Catalá-López, Honglei Chen, Abdulaal A Chitheer, Rajiv Chowdhury, Hanne Christensen, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Gabrielle A de Veber, Samath D Dharmaratne, Huyen Phuc Do, Klara Dokova, E Ray Dorsey, Richard G Ellenbogen, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Maryam S Farvid, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Florian Fischer, Kyle J Foreman, Johanna M Geleijnse, Richard F Gillum, Giorgia Giussani, Ellen M Goldberg, Philimon N Gona, Alessandra Carvalho Goulart, Harish Chander Gugnani, Rahul Gupta, Vladimir Hachinski, Rajeev Gupta, Randah Ribhi Hamadeh, Mitiku Hambisa, Graeme J Hankey, Habtamu Abera Hareri, Rasmus Havmoeller, Simon I Hay, Pouria Heydarpour, Peter J Hotez, Mihajlo Michael B Jakovljevic, Mehdi Javanbakht, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Jost B Jonas, Yogeshwar Kalkonde, Amit Kandel, André Karch, Amir Kasaeian, Anshul Kastor, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Yousef Saleh Khader, Ibrahim A Khalil, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Young-Ho Khang, Abdullah Tawfih, Abdullah Khoja, Jagdish Khubchandani, Chanda Kulkarni, Daniel Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Mika Kivimaki, Yoshihiro Kokubo, Soewarta Kosen, Michael Kravchenko, Rita Vanmala Krishnamurthi, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, G Anil Kumar, Rashmi Kumar, Hmwe H Kyu, Anders Larsson, Pablo M Lavados, Yongmei Li, Xiaofeng Liang, Misgan Legesse Liben, Warren D Lo, Giancarlo Logroscino, Paulo A Lotufo, Clement T Loy, Mark T Mackay, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Azeem Majeed, Reza Malekzadeh, Treh Manhertz, Lorenzo G Mantovani, João Massano, Mohsen Mazidi, Colm McAlinden, Suresh Mehata, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Ziad A Memish, Walter Mendoza, Mubarek Abera Mengistie, George A Mensah, Atte Meretoja, Haftay Berhane Mezgebe, Ted R Miller, Shiva Raj Mishra, Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim, Alireza Mohammadi, Kedir Endris Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Ali H Mokdad, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Ilais Moreno Velasquez, Kamarul Imran Musa, Mohsen Naghavi, Josephine Wanjiku Ngunjiri, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Grant Nguyen, Quyen Le Nguyen, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Emma Nichols, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Vuong Minh Nong, Bo Norrving, Jean Jacques N Noubiap, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Mayowa O Owolabi, Jeyaraj D Pandian, Priyakumari Ganesh Parmar, David M Pereira, Max Petzold, Michael Robert Phillips, Michael A Piradov, Richie G Poulton, Farshad Pourmalek, Mostafa Qorbani, Anwar Rafay, Mahfuzar Rahman, Mohammad HifzUr Rahman, Rajesh Kumar Rai, Sasa Rajsic, Annemarei Ranta, Salman Rawaf, Andre M N Renzaho, Mohammad Sadegh Rezai, Gregory A Roth, Gholamreza Roshandel, Enrico Rubagotti, Perminder Sachdev, Saeid Safiri, Ramesh Sahathevan, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Abdallah M Samy, Paula Santalucia, Itamar S Santos, Benn Sartorius, Maheswar Satpathy, Monika Sawhney, Mete I Saylan, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Masood Ali Shaikh, Raad Shakir, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Kevin N Sheth, Mika Shigematsu, Haitham Shoman, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Mari Smith, Eugene Sobngwi, Luciano A Sposato, Jeffrey D Stanaway, Dan J Stein, Timothy J Steiner, Lars Jacob Stovner, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Cassandra Ei Szoeke, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, David Tanne, Alice M Theadom, Amanda G Thrift, David L Tirschwell, Roman Topor-Madry, Bach Xuan Tran, Thomas Truelsen, Kald Beshir Tuem, Kingsley Nnanna Ukwaja, Olalekan A Uthman, Yuri Y Varakin, Tommi Vasankari, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov, Fiseha Wadilo, Tolassa Wakayo, Mitchell T Wallin, Elisabete Weiderpass, Ronny Westerman, Tissa Wijeratne, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Minyahil Alebachew Woldu, Charles D A Wolfe, Denis Xavier, Gelin Xu, Yuichiro Yano, Hassen Hamid Yimam, Naohiro Yonemoto, Chuanhua Yu, Zoubida Zaidi, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Joseph R Zunt, Christopher J L Murray, Theo Vos

Abstract

Background: Comparable data on the global and country-specific burden of neurological disorders and their trends are crucial for health-care planning and resource allocation. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study provides such information but does not routinely aggregate results that are of interest to clinicians specialising in neurological conditions. In this systematic analysis, we quantified the global disease burden due to neurological disorders in 2015 and its relationship with country development level.

Methods: We estimated global and country-specific prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), years of life lost (YLLs), and years lived with disability (YLDs) for various neurological disorders that in the GBD classification have been previously spread across multiple disease groupings. The more inclusive grouping of neurological disorders included stroke, meningitis, encephalitis, tetanus, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron disease, migraine, tension-type headache, medication overuse headache, brain and nervous system cancers, and a residual category of other neurological disorders. We also analysed results based on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a compound measure of income per capita, education, and fertility, to identify patterns associated with development and how countries fare against expected outcomes relative to their level of development.

Findings: Neurological disorders ranked as the leading cause group of DALYs in 2015 (250·7 [95% uncertainty interval (UI) 229·1 to 274·7] million, comprising 10·2% of global DALYs) and the second-leading cause group of deaths (9·4 [9·1 to 9·7] million], comprising 16·8% of global deaths). The most prevalent neurological disorders were tension-type headache (1505·9 [UI 1337·3 to 1681·6 million cases]), migraine (958·8 [872·1 to 1055·6] million), medication overuse headache (58·5 [50·8 to 67·4 million]), and Alzheimer's disease and other dementias (46·0 [40·2 to 52·7 million]). Between 1990 and 2015, the number of deaths from neurological disorders increased by 36·7%, and the number of DALYs by 7·4%. These increases occurred despite decreases in age-standardised rates of death and DALYs of 26·1% and 29·7%, respectively; stroke and communicable neurological disorders were responsible for most of these decreases. Communicable neurological disorders were the largest cause of DALYs in countries with low SDI. Stroke rates were highest at middle levels of SDI and lowest at the highest SDI. Most of the changes in DALY rates of neurological disorders with development were driven by changes in YLLs.

Interpretation: Neurological disorders are an important cause of disability and death worldwide. Globally, the burden of neurological disorders has increased substantially over the past 25 years because of expanding population numbers and ageing, despite substantial decreases in mortality rates from stroke and communicable neurological disorders. The number of patients who will need care by clinicians with expertise in neurological conditions will continue to grow in coming decades. Policy makers and health-care providers should be aware of these trends to provide adequate services.

Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC-BY 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Global DALYs by age and neurological disorder in 2015 DALYs=disability-adjusted life-years.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Contribution of various neurological disorders to the overall burden from neurological disorders in 2015 Estimates are for (A) disability-adjusted life-years and (B) deaths.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Age-standardised rates of (A) DALYs and (B) deaths per 100 000 people from all neurological disorders combined in 2015 Data are for both sexes. DALYs=disability-adjusted life-years. ATG=Antigua and Barbuda. VCT=Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. LCA=Saint Lucia. TTO=Trinidad and Tobago. TLS=Timor-Leste. Marshall Isl=Marshall Islands. Sol Isl=Solomon Islands. FSM=Federated States of Micronesia.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Ranking of age-standardised DALY rates for all neurological disorders by GBD region in 2015 Data are for both sexes. DALYs=disability-adjusted life-years.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Expected relationship between the Socio-demographic Index and DALY rates for neurological disorders per 100 000 people between 1990 and 2015 Age-standardised disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) per 100 000 people (A) by sex; (B) all-age DALY rate per 100 000 by sex; and (C) age-standardised rate per 100 000 by years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs).

References

    1. Aarli J, Tarun D, Janca A, Muscetta A. Neurological disorders: public health challenges. World Health Organization; Geneva: 2006.
    1. Murray C, Lopez A. The global burden of disease: a comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020. Harvard School of Public Health; Boston: 1996.
    1. GBD 2015 DALYs and HALE Collaborators Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet. 2016;388:1603–1658.
    1. GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet. 2016;388:1545–1602.
    1. American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th edn, text revision. American Psychiatric Association; Washington DC: 2000.
    1. The International Headache Society The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edn (beta version) (accessed July 26, 2017).
    1. Flaxman AD, Vos T, Murray CJ, editors. An integrative metaregression framework for descriptive epidemiology. University of Washington Press; Seattle: 2015.
    1. Salomon JA, Haagsma JA, Davis A. Disability weights for the Global Burden of Disease 2013 study. Lancet Glob Health. 2015;3:e712–e723.
    1. GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet. 2016;388:1459–1544.
    1. GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2015;385:117–171.
    1. Foreman KJ, Lozano R, Lopez AD, Murray CJ. Modeling causes of death: an integrated approach using CODEm. Popul Health Metr. 2012;10:1.
    1. Murray CJL, Ezzati M, Flaxman AD. GBD 2010: design, definitions, and metrics. Lancet. 2012;380:2063–2066.
    1. Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380:2095–2128.
    1. Stevens GA, Alkema L, Black RE. Guidelines for accurate and transparent health estimates reporting: the GATHER statement. PLoS Med. 2016;13:e1002056.
    1. Stevens GA, Alkema L, Black RE. Guidelines for accurate and transparent health estimates reporting: the GATHER statement. Lancet. 2016;388:e19–e23.
    1. Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2015;386:743–800.
    1. Feigin VL, Lawes CMM, Bennett DA, Barker-Collo SL, Parag V. Worldwide stroke incidence and early case fatality reported in 56 population-based studies: a systematic review. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8:355–369.
    1. Grytten N, Torkildsen Ø, Myhr K-M. Time trends in the incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Norway during eight decades. Acta Neurol Scand. 2015;132:29–36.
    1. Alla S, Pearson J, Debernard L, Miller D, Mason D. The increasing prevalence of multiple sclerosis in New Zealand. Neuroepidemiology. 2014;42:154–160.
    1. Sander JW, Keezer MR. Epilepsy: Trends in new-onset epilepsy—the importance of comorbidities. Nat Rev Neurol. 2016;12:254–256.
    1. Lyngberg AC, Rasmussen BK, Jørgensen T, Jensen R. Has the prevalence of migraine and tension-type headache changed over a 12-year period? A Danish population survey. Eur J Epidemiol. 2005;20:243–249.
    1. Dahlrot RH, Poulsen FR, Nguyen NNTT. Trends in tumors in the central nervous system in elderly in Denmark, 2008–2012. Acta Oncol Stockh Swed. 2016;55(suppl 1):91–97.
    1. Hirsch L, Jette N, Frolkis A, Steeves T, Pringsheim T. The incidence of Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroepidemiology. 2016;46:292–300.
    1. Pringsheim T, Jette N, Frolkis A, Steeves TDL. The prevalence of Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mov Disord. 2014;29:1583–1590.
    1. Fernández-de-las-Peñas C, Palacios-Ceña D, Salom-Moreno J. Has the prevalence of migraine changed over the last decade (2003–2012)? A Spanish population-based survey. PloS One. 2014;9:e110530.
    1. Prince M, Ali G-C, Guerchet M, Prina AM, Albanese E, Wu Y-T. Recent global trends in the prevalence and incidence of dementia, and survival with dementia. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2016;8:23.
    1. Luepker RV, Steffen LM, Jacobs DR, Zhou X, Blackburn H. Trends in blood pressure and hypertension detection, treatment, and control 1980 to 2009: the Minnesota Heart Survey. Circulation. 2012;126:1852–1857.
    1. Tse LA, Fang XH, Wang WZ, Qiu H, Yu ITS. Incidence of ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke and the association with smoking and smoking cessation: a 10-year multicentre prospective study in China. Public Health. 2012;126:960–966.
    1. Rothwell PM, Coull AJ, Giles MF. Change in stroke incidence, mortality, case-fatality, severity, and risk factors in Oxfordshire, UK from 1981 to 2004 (Oxford Vascular Study) Lancet. 2004;363:1925–1933.
    1. Ukraintseva S, Sloan F, Arbeev K, Yashin A. Increasing rates of dementia at time of declining mortality from stroke. Stroke. 2006;37:1155–1159.
    1. Greenberg DP, Doemland M, Bettinger JA. Epidemiology of pertussis and Haemophilus influenzae type B disease in Canada with exclusive use of a diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-inactivated poliovirus-Haemophilus influenzae type B pediatric combination vaccine and an adolescent-adult tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis vaccine: implications for disease prevention in the United States. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009;28:521–528.
    1. Divino-Goes KG, de Moraes-Pinto MI, Dinelli MIS. Prevalence of diphtheria and tetanus antibodies and circulation of Corynebacterium diphtheriae in São Paulo, Brazil. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2007;40:1681–1687.
    1. Mallick IH, Winslet MC. A review of the epidemiology, pathogenesis and management of tetanus. Int J Surg Lond Engl. 2004;2:109–112.
    1. Turnbull F, Baker M, Tsang B, Jarman J. Epidemiology of tetanus in New Zealand reinforces value of vaccination. NZ Public Health Rep. 2001;8:57–60.
    1. Halperin SA, Bettinger JA, Greenwood B. The changing and dynamic epidemiology of meningococcal disease. Vaccine. 2012;30(suppl 2):B26–B36.
    1. Xing Y, Schmitt H-J, Arguedas A, Yang J. Tick-borne encephalitis in China: a review of epidemiology and vaccines. Vaccine. 2017;35:1227–1237.
    1. Lopez AL, Aldaba JG, Roque VG. Epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis in the Philippines: a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9:e0003630.
    1. Ngugi AK, Bottomley C, Kleinschmidt I, Sander JW, Newton CR. Estimation of the burden of active and life-time epilepsy: a meta-analytic approach. Epilepsia. 2010;51:883–890.
    1. Preux P-M, Druet-Cabanac M. Epidemiology and aetiology of epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet Neurol. 2005;4:21–31.
    1. Muangpaisan W, Hori H, Brayne C. Systematic review of the prevalence and incidence of Parkinson's disease in Asia. J Epidemiol. 2009;19:281–293.
    1. Mehta P, Antao V, Kaye W. Prevalence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis–United States, 2010–2011. MMWR Suppl. 2014;63:1–14.
    1. Vázquez MC, Ketzoián C, Legnani C. Incidence and prevalence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Uruguay: a population-based study. Neuroepidemiology. 2008;30:105–111.
    1. Vuković V, Plavec D, Pavelin S, Janculjak D, Ivanković M, Demarin V. Prevalence of migraine, probable migraine and tension-type headache in the Croatian population. Neuroepidemiology. 2010;35:59–65.
    1. Cheung RT. Prevalence of migraine, tension-type headache, and other headaches in Hong Kong. Headache. 2000;40:473–479.
    1. Westergaard ML, Hansen EH, Glümer C, Olesen J, Jensen RH. Definitions of medication-overuse headache in population-based studies and their implications on prevalence estimates: a systematic review. Cephalalgia. 2014;34:409–425.
    1. Stovner L, Hagen K, Jensen R. The global burden of headache: a documentation of headache prevalence and disability worldwide. Cephalalgia. 2007;27:193–210.
    1. Zivadinov R, Iona L, Monti-Bragadin L. The use of standardized incidence and prevalence rates in epidemiological studies on multiple sclerosis. A meta-analysis study. Neuroepidemiology. 2003;22:65–74.
    1. Fiest KM, Jetté N, Roberts JI. The prevalence and incidence of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Can J Neurol Sci. 2016;43(suppl 1):S3–S50.
    1. Ezejimofor MC, Chen Y-F, Kandala N-B. Stroke survivors in low- and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis of prevalence and secular trends. J Neurol Sci. 2016;364:68–76.
    1. Koch-Henriksen N, Sørensen PS. The changing demographic pattern of multiple sclerosis epidemiology. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9:520–532.
    1. Wallin MT, Page WF, Kurtzke JF. Multiple sclerosis in US veterans of the Vietnam era and later military service: race, sex, and geography. Ann Neurol. 2004;55:65–71.
    1. Kantarci O, Wingerchuk D. Epidemiology and natural history of multiple sclerosis: new insights. Curr Opin Neurol. 2006;19:248–254.
    1. Kurtzke JF. Epidemiologic evidence for multiple sclerosis as an infection. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1993;6:382–427.
    1. Thrift AG, Thayabaranathan T, Howard G. Global stroke statistics. Int J Stroke. 2017;12:13–32.
    1. Ngugi AK, Kariuki SM, Bottomley C, Kleinschmidt I, Sander JW, Newton CR. Incidence of epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology. 2011;77:1005–1012.
    1. Eskandarieh S, Heydarpour P, Minagar A, Pourmand S, Sahraian MA. Multiple sclerosis epidemiology in east Asia, south east Asia and south Asia: a systematic review. Neuroepidemiology. 2016;46:209–221.
    1. Chiò A, Logroscino G, Traynor BJ. Global epidemiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review of the published literature. Neuroepidemiology. 2013;41:118–130.
    1. de Robles P, Fiest KM, Frolkis AD. The worldwide incidence and prevalence of primary brain tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuro-Oncol. 2015;17:776–783.
    1. Arnao V, Acciarresi M, Cittadini E, Caso V. Stroke incidence, prevalence and mortality in women worldwide. Int J Stroke. 2016;11:287–301.
    1. Banerjee PN, Filippi D, Allen Hauser W. The descriptive epidemiology of epilepsy–a review. Epilepsy Res. 2009;85:31–45.
    1. Logroscino G, Traynor BJ, Hardiman O. Descriptive epidemiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: new evidence and unsolved issues. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008;79:6–11.
    1. Vetvik KG, MacGregor EA. Sex differences in the epidemiology, clinical features, and pathophysiology of migraine. Lancet Neurol. 2017;16:76–87.
    1. Janca A, Aarli JA, Prilipko L, Dua T, Saxena S, Saraceno B. WHO/WFN survey of neurological services: a worldwide perspective. J Neurol Sci. 2006;247:29–34.
    1. Owolabi M, Miranda JJ, Yaria J, Ovbiagele B. Controlling cardiovascular diseases in low and middle income countries by placing proof in pragmatism. BMJ Glob Health. 2016;1:e000105.
    1. Feigin VL, Norrving B, George MG, Foltz JL, Roth GA, Mensah GA. Prevention of stroke: a strategic global imperative. Nat Rev Neurol. 2016;12:501–512.
    1. Waisbord S, Larson H. Why invest in communication for immunization: evidence and lessons learned. A joint publication of the Health Communication Partnership based at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health/Center for Communication Programs (Baltimore) and the United Nations Children's Fund (New York) 2005. (accessed Sept 5, 2017).
    1. Murray CJ, Lopez AD, Black R. Population Health Metrics Research Consortium gold standard verbal autopsy validation study: design, implementation, and development of analysis datasets. Popul Health Metr. 2011;9:27.

Source: PubMed

Sponsors and Collaborators

Medical Conditions

Drug Interventions

3
Subscribe