The relationship between disease activity, sleep, psychiatric distress and pain sensitivity in rheumatoid arthritis: a cross-sectional study

Yvonne C Lee, Lori B Chibnik, Bing Lu, Ajay D Wasan, Robert R Edwards, Anne H Fossel, Simon M Helfgott, Daniel H Solomon, Daniel J Clauw, Elizabeth W Karlson, Yvonne C Lee, Lori B Chibnik, Bing Lu, Ajay D Wasan, Robert R Edwards, Anne H Fossel, Simon M Helfgott, Daniel H Solomon, Daniel J Clauw, Elizabeth W Karlson

Abstract

Introduction: Despite recent advances in anti-inflammatory therapy, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients continue to rate pain as a priority. The etiology of RA pain is likely multifactorial, including both inflammatory and non-inflammatory components. In this study, we examine the association between disease activity, sleep, psychiatric distress and pain sensitivity in RA.

Methods: Fifty-nine female RA patients completed questionnaires and underwent pressure pain threshold testing to assess hyperalgesia/allodynia at joint and non-joint sites. Blood samples were taken to measure C-reactive protein (CRP). The association between disease activity, sleep problems, psychiatric distress and pain threshold was assessed using Pearson/Spearman correlations and multivariable linear regression. Disease activity levels, sleep problems and psychiatric distress were compared between RA patients with fibromyalgia and RA patients without fibromyalgia.

Results: In unadjusted analyses, CRP was not correlated with pain threshold, but tender joint count was inversely correlated with pain threshold at all sites (P < or = 0.004). Sleep problems were associated with low pain threshold at all sites (P < or = 0.0008). Psychiatric distress was associated with low pain threshold at the wrist and thumbnail (P < or = 0.006). In multivariable linear regression models, CRP was inversely associated with wrist pain threshold (P = 0.003). Sleep problems were inversely associated with pain threshold at all sites (P < or = 0.01), but psychiatric distress was not. Despite differences in pain threshold, CRP levels and sleep problems between RA patients with fibromyalgia and those without fibromyalgia, associations between these variables did not change when patients with fibromyalgia were excluded.

Conclusions: Multivariable models are essential in analyses of pain. Among RA patients, inflammation is associated with heightened pain sensitivity at joints. In contrast, poor sleep is associated with diffuse pain sensitivity, as noted in central pain conditions such as fibromyalgia. Future studies examining pain sensitivity at joint and non-joint sites may identify patients with different underlying pain mechanisms and suggest alternative approaches to treating RA pain.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Histograms of the Medical Outcomes Study Sleep Problems Index II among RA patients. (a) Patients with less than 11 tender points (n = 43). (b) Patients with 11 tender points or more (n = 15).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Histogram of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) Total Score among RA patients. (a) Patients with less than 11 tender points (n = 43). (b) Patients with 11 tender points or more (n = 15).

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