Timing of plasmid cytokine (IL-2/Ig) administration affects HIV-1 vaccine immunogenicity in HIV-seronegative subjects

Abstract

Background: To investigate the potential immunostimulatory effect of interleukin (IL) 2 as a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine adjuvant, we conducted a study of a plasmid coding for a fusion protein of IL-2 and immunoglobulin (IL-2/Ig).

Methods: This phase I trial evaluated an HIV-1 DNA vaccine with the plasmid cytokine adjuvant (IL-2/Ig) in 70 HIV-negative adults. Subjects received placebo (group C), adjuvant alone (group A), vaccine alone (group D), increasing doses of adjuvant concurrent with vaccine (groups T1-T4), or adjuvant given 2 days after vaccine (group T5).

Results: No significant differences in adverse events were observed between treatment groups. Cellular immune responses to envelope protein EnvA peptides were detected by interferon (IFN) γ and IL-2 enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays in 50% and 40% of subjects, respectively, in T4, and in 100% and 80% in T5. The median responses for groups T4 and T5, respectively, were 90 and 193 spot-forming cells (SFCs)/10⁶ peripheral blood mononuclear cells (P = .004; T4 vs T5) for the IL-2 ELISPOT assay and 103 and 380 SFCs/10⁶ PBMCs (P = .003; T4 vs T5) for the IFN-γ ELISPOT assay. A trend to more durable cellular immune responses in T5 was observed at 1 year (T5 vs T4/D; P = .07). Higher anti-Env antibody responses were detected with T5 than with T4.

Conclusions: Plasmid IL-2/Ig significantly increased immune responses when administered 2 days after the DNA vaccine, compared with simultaneous administration. These observations have important implications for the development of cytokine augmentation strategies.

Clinical trials registration: NCT00069030.

Figures

Figure 1.

Safety assessment, showing maximum local reactogenicity (A) and maximum system reactogenicity (B) by treatment group. Subjects in group A received only the plasmid coding for the fusion protein of interleukin 2 and immunoglobulin (IL-2/Ig) (0.1–4 mg); those in C, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS); those in D, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) DNA vaccine alone; and those in groups T1–T5, the HIV DNA vaccine and escalating doses of IL-2/Ig simultaneously with or, in group T5, 48 hours after the HIV DNA vaccine. HVTN, HIV Vaccine Trials Network.

Figure 1.

Safety assessment, showing maximum local reactogenicity (A) and maximum system reactogenicity (B) by treatment group. Subjects in group A received only the plasmid coding for the fusion protein of interleukin 2 and immunoglobulin (IL-2/Ig) (0.1–4 mg); those in C, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS); those in D, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) DNA vaccine alone; and those in groups T1–T5, the HIV DNA vaccine and escalating doses of IL-2/Ig simultaneously with or, in group T5, 48 hours after the HIV DNA vaccine. HVTN, HIV Vaccine Trials Network.

Figure 2.

Magnitude of T cells secreting interleukin (IL) 2 (A) and interferon (IFN) γ (B) measured by enzyme-linked immunospot assay in the treatment groups. Studies were performed on fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained on day 70 after 3 immunizations, and responses are shown to vaccine-matched EnvA, EnvB, and EnvC peptide antigens. Boxes indicate medians and interquartile ranges; whiskers extend to 1.5 times the interquartile range from the upper or lower quartile. SFCs, spot-forming cells.