Validity and reliability of a Malay version of the brief illness perception questionnaire for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Boon-How Chew, Rimke C Vos, Monique Heijmans, Sazlina Shariff-Ghazali, Aaron Fernandez, Guy E H M Rutten, Boon-How Chew, Rimke C Vos, Monique Heijmans, Sazlina Shariff-Ghazali, Aaron Fernandez, Guy E H M Rutten

Abstract

Background: Illness perceptions involve the personal beliefs that patients have about their illness and may influence health behaviours considerably. Since an instrument to measure these perceptions for Malay population in Malaysia is lacking, we translated and examined the psychometric properties of the Malay version of the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (MBIPQ) in adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Methods: The MBIPQ has nine items, all use a 0-10 response scale, except the ninth item about causal factors, which is an open-ended item. A standard procedure was used to translate and adapt the English BIPQ into Malay language. Construct validity was examined comparing item scores and scores on the Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale, the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale, the World Health Organization Quality of Life-brief, the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire, the 17-item Diabetes Distress Scale, HbA1c and the presence of complications. In addition, 2-week and 4-week test-retest reliability were studied.

Results: A total of 312 patients completed the MBIPQ. Out of this, 97 and 215 patients completed the 2- or 4-weeks test-retest reliability questionnaire, respectively. Moderate inter-items correlations were observed between illness perception dimensions (r = -0.31 to 0.53). MBIPQ items showed the expected correlations with self-efficacy (r = 0.35), medication adherence (r = 0.29), quality of life (r = -0.17 to 0.31) and depressive symptoms (r = -0.18 to 0.21). People with severe diabetes-related distress also were more concern (t-test = 4.01, p < 0.001) and experienced lower personal control (t-test = 2.07, p = 0.031). People with any diabetes-related complication perceived the consequences as more serious (t-test = 2.04, p = 0.044). The 2-week and 4-week test-retest reliabilities varied between ICCagreement 0.39 to 0.70 and 0.58 to 0.78, respectively.

Conclusions: The psychometric properties of items in the MBIPQ are moderate. The MBIPQ showed good cross-cultural validity and moderate construct validity. Test-retest reliability was moderate. Despite the moderate psychometric properties, the MBIPQ may be useful in clinical practice as it is a useful instrument to elicit and communicate on patient's personal thoughts and feelings. Future research is needed to establish its responsiveness and predictive validity.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02730754 registered on March 29, 2016; NCT02730078 registered on March 29, 2016.

Keywords: Beliefs; Brief illness perception questionnaire; Emotional distress; HbA1c; Illness perceptions; Medication adherence; Quality of life; Self-efficacy; Type 2 diabetes mellitus; Validity.

Conflict of interest statement

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study was approved by the Medical Research Ethics Committee (MREC), Ministry of Health Malaysia with the reference numbers of (5)KKM/NIHSEC/P16–293 and (10)KKM/NIHSEC/P15–1159. Patients who agreed to participate provided a written informed consent.

Consent for publication

Not applicable

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Translation and validation process. BIPQ = Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire. MBIPQ = Malay version of the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire. WHO = World Health Organization

References

    1. Leventhal H, Benyamini Y, Brownlee S, Michael D, A. L. E, Linda P-M, R. C. Illness representations: theoretical foundations. In: Keith JP, John W, editors. Perceptions of health and illness. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic; 1997. pp. 155–188.
    1. Broadbent E, Wilkes C, Koschwanez H, Weinman J, Norton S, Petrie KJ. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the brief illness perception questionnaire. Psychol Health. 2015;30(11):1361–1385. doi: 10.1080/08870446.2015.1070851.
    1. Harvey JN, Lawson VL. The importance of health belief models in determining self-care behaviour in diabetes. Diabet Med. 2009;26(1):5–13. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2008.02628.x.
    1. Weinman J, Petrie KJ. Illness perceptions: a new paradigm for psychosomatics? J Psychosom Res. 1997;42(2):113–116. doi: 10.1016/S0022-3999(96)00294-2.
    1. Parfeni M, Nistor I, Covic A. A systematic review regarding the association of illness perception and survival among end-stage renal disease patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013;28(10):2407–2414. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gft194.
    1. Hudson JL, Bundy C, Coventry PA, Dickens C. Exploring the relationship between cognitive illness representations and poor emotional health and their combined association with diabetes self-care. A systematic review with meta-analysis. J Psychosom Res. 2014;76(4):265–274. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.02.004.
    1. Petricek G, Vrcic-Keglevic M, Vuletic G, Cerovecki V, Ozvacic Z, Murgic L. Illness perception and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes: cross-sectional questionnaire study. Croat Med J. 2009;50(6):583–593. doi: 10.3325/cmj.2009.50.583.
    1. Bazzazian S, Besharat MA. Reliability and validity of a Farsi version of the brief illness perception questionnaire. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2010;5:962–965. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.217.
    1. Gonzalez JS, Shreck E, Psaros C, Safren SA. Distress and type 2 diabetes-treatment adherence: a mediating role for perceived control. Health Psychol. 2015;34(5):505–513. doi: 10.1037/hea0000131.
    1. Skinner TC, Khunti K, Carey ME, Dallosso H, Heller S, Davies MJ. Stability and predictive utility, over 3 years, of the illness beliefs of individuals recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med. 2014;31:1260–1263. doi: 10.1111/dme.12484.
    1. Donkin L, Ellis CJ, Powell R, Broadbent E, Gamble G, Petrie KJ. Illness perceptions predict reassurance following a negative exercise stress testing result. Psychol Health. 2006;21(4):421–430. doi: 10.1080/14768320500329292.
    1. Mastura I, Chew BH, Lee PY, Cheong AT, Sazlina SG, Jamaiyah H, Alwi SARS, Sri Wahyu T, Zaiton A. Control and treatment profiles of 70,889 adult type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Malaysia. International Journal of Collaborative Research on Internal Medicine & Public Health. 2011;3(1):98–113.
    1. Chew BH, Lee PY, Cheong AT, Mastura I, Sazlina SG, Goh PP. Messages from the Malaysian diabetes registries on diabetes Care in Malaysian public healthcare facilities. Prim Care Diabetes. 2016;10(5):383–386. doi: 10.1016/j.pcd.2016.07.003.
    1. Lee PY, Cheong AT, Zaiton A, Mastura I, Chew BH, Sazlina SG, Adam BM, Syed Alwi SAR, Jamaiyah H, Sri WT. Does ethnicity contribute to the control of cardiovascular risk factors among patients with type 2 diabetes? Asia Pac J Public Health. 2013;25(4):316–325. doi: 10.1177/1010539511430521.
    1. Chew BH, Vos R, Mohd-Sidik S, Rutten GEHM. Diabetes-related distress, 881 depression and distress-depression among adults with type 2 diabetes 882 mellitus in Malaysia. PLoS One. 2016;11(3):e0152095.
    1. Kaur G, Tee GH, Ariaratnam S, Krishnapillai AS, China K. Depression, anxiety and stress symptoms among diabetics in Malaysia: a cross sectional study in an urban primary care setting. BMC Fam Pract. 2013;14:69. doi: 10.1186/1471-2296-14-69.
    1. Mokkink LB, Terwee CB, Patrick DL, Alonso J, Stratford PW, Knol DL, Bouter LM, de Vet HC. The COSMIN study reached international consensus on taxonomy, terminology, and definitions of measurement properties for health-related patient-reported outcomes. J Clin Epidemiol. 2010;63(7):737–745. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.02.006.
    1. Terwee CB, Bot SD, de Boer MR, van der Windt DA, Knol DL, Dekker J, Bouter LM, de Vet HC. Quality criteria were proposed for measurement properties of health status questionnaires. J Clin Epidemiol. 2007;60(1):34–42. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.03.012.
    1. Broadbent E, Petrie KJ, Main J, Weinman J. The brief illness perception questionnaire. J Psychosom Res. 2006;60(6):631–637. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.10.020.
    1. Moss-Morris R, Weinman J, Petrie KJ, Horne R, Cameron LD, Buick D. The revised illness perception questionnaire (IPQ-R) Psychol Health. 2002;17(1):1–16. doi: 10.1080/08870440290001494.
    1. Jaafar S, Mohd Noh K, Abdul Muttalib K, Othman N. H., Healy J. Malaysia health system review. Health Syst Transition. 2013;3(1):15–80.
    1. Peat J. Health science research: a handbook of quantitative methods. London: SAGE Publications Ltd; 2002.
    1. Wild D, Grove A, Martin M, Eremenco S, McElroy S, Verjee-Lorenz A, Erikson P. ISPOR task force for translation and cultural adaptation. Principles of good practice for the translation and cultural adaptation process for patient-reported outcomes (PRO) measures: report of the ISPOR task force for translation and cultural adaptation. Value Health. 2005;8(2):94–104. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-4733.2005.04054.x.
    1. Epstein J, Santo RM, Guillemin F. A review of guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation of questionnaires could not bring out a consensus. J Clin Epidemiol. 2015;68(4):435–441. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.11.021.
    1. Bijl JV, Poelgeest-Eeltink AV, Shortridge-Baggett L. The psychometric properties of the diabetes management self-efficacy scale for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Adv Nurs. 1999;30(2):352–359. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.1999.01077.x.
    1. Sharoni SK, Wu SF. Self-efficacy and self-care behavior of Malaysian patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross sectional survey. Nurs Health Sci. 2012;14(1):38–45. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-2018.2011.00658.x.
    1. Vivienne Wu SF, Courtney M, Edwards H, McDowell J, Shortridge-Baggett LM, Chang PJ. Development and validation of the Chinese version of the diabetes management self-efficacy scale. Int J Nurs Stud. 2008;45(4):534–542. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2006.08.020.
    1. Bandura A. Social cognitive theory of self-regulation. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process. 1991;50(2):248–287. doi: 10.1016/0749-5978(91)90022-L.
    1. Cameron L, Leventhal H. The self-regulation of health and illness behaviour. London: Routledge; 2003.
    1. Skevington SM, Lotfy M, O’Connell KA. The World Health Organization’s WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment: psychometric properties and results of the international field trial. A report from the WHOQOL group. Qual Life Res. 2004;13(2):299–310. doi: 10.1023/B:QURE.0000018486.91360.00.
    1. Development of the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment The WHOQOL group. Psychol Med. 1998;28(3):551–558. doi: 10.1017/S0033291798006667.
    1. Hasanah CI, Naing L, Rahman AR. World Health Organization quality of life assessment: brief version in Bahasa Malaysia. Med J Malaysia. 2003;58(1):79–88.
    1. Al-Qazaz H, Hassali MA, Shafie AA, Sulaiman SA, Sundram S, Morisky DE. The eight-item Morisky medication adherence scale MMAS: translation and validation of the Malaysian version. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2010;90(2):216–221. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2010.08.012.
    1. Morisky DE, Green LW, Levine DM. Concurrent and predictive validity of a self-reported measure of medication adherence. Med Care. 1986;24(1):67–74. doi: 10.1097/00005650-198601000-00007.
    1. Krousel-Wood M, Islam T, Webber LS, Re RN, Morisky DE, Muntner P. New medication adherence scale versus pharmacy fill rates in seniors with hypertension. Am J Manag Care. 2009;15(1):59–66.
    1. Morisky DE, DiMatteo MR. Improving the measurement of self-reported medication nonadherence: response to authors. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(3):255–257. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.09.002.
    1. Kucukarslan SN. A review of published studies of patients’ illness perceptions and medication adherence: lessons learned and future directions. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2012;8(5):371–382. doi: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2011.09.002.
    1. Horne R, Chapman SC, Parham R, Freemantle N, Forbes A, Cooper V. Understanding patients’ adherence-related beliefs about medicines prescribed for long-term conditions: a meta-analytic review of the necessity-concerns framework. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e80633. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080633.
    1. Broadbent E, Donkin L, Stroh JC. Illness and treatment perceptions are associated with adherence to medications, diet, and exercise in diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(2):338–340. doi: 10.2337/dc10-1779.
    1. Sweileh WM, Zyoud SH, Abu Nab’a RJ, Deleq MI, Enaia MI, Nassar SM, Al-Jabi SW. Influence of patients’ disease knowledge and beliefs about medicines on medication adherence: findings from a cross-sectional survey among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Palestine. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:94. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-94.
    1. Fisher L, Hessler DM, Polonsky WH, Mullan J. When is diabetes distress clinically meaningful?: establishing cut points for the diabetes distress scale. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(2):259–264. doi: 10.2337/dc11-1572.
    1. Chew BH, Mukhtar F, Sherina MS, Paimin F, Hassan NH, Jamaludin N. The reliability and validity of the Malay version 17-item diabetes distress scale. Malays Fam Physician. 2015;10(2):22–35.
    1. Ogbera A, Adeyemi-Doro A. Emotional distress is associated with poor self care in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes. 2011;3(4):348–352. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-0407.2011.00156.x.
    1. Fisher L, Mullan JT, Arean P, Glasgow RE, Hessler D, Masharani U. Diabetes distress but not clinical depression or depressive symptoms is associated with glycemic control in both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(1):23–28. doi: 10.2337/dc09-1238.
    1. Aikens JE. Prospective associations between emotional distress and poor outcomes in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(12):2472–2478. doi: 10.2337/dc12-0181.
    1. Bridges HA, Smith MA. Mediation by illness perceptions of the association between the doctor–patient relationship and diabetes-related distress. J Health Psychol. 2016;21(9):1956–1965. doi: 10.1177/1359105315569094.
    1. Sherina MS, Arroll B, Goodyear-Smith F. Criterion validity of the PHQ-9 (Malay version) in a primary care clinic in Malaysia. Med J Malaysia. 2012;67(3):309–315.
    1. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606–613. doi: 10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x.
    1. Fayers P, Machin D. Quality of life: the assessment, analysis and interpretation of patient-reportedoutcomes. 2nd ed. West Sussex, England: Wiley; 2013.
    1. Burns RJ, Deschenes SS, Schmitz N. Cyclical relationship between depressive symptoms and diabetes distress in people with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: results from the Montreal evaluation of diabetes treatment cohort study. Diabet Med. 2015;32:1272-8.
    1. Mc Sharry J, Moss-Morris R, Kendrick T. Illness perceptions and glycaemic control in diabetes: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Diabet Med. 2011;28(11):1300–1310. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03298.x.
    1. Chew BH, Vos RC, Sazlina SG, Shamsuddin NH, Fernandez A, Mukhtar F, Mastura I, Mohd Ahad A, Sundram NN, Ali SZ, et al. The effectiveness of a value-based EMOtion-cognition-focused educatIonal programme to reduce diabetes-related distress in Malay adults with type 2 diabetes (VEMOFIT): study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial. BMC Endocr Disord. 2017;17(1):22. doi: 10.1186/s12902-017-0172-8.
    1. Fisher L, Gonzalez JS, Polonsky WH. The confusing tale of depression and distress in patients with diabetes: a call for greater clarity and precision. Diabet Med. 2014;31(7):764–772. doi: 10.1111/dme.12428.
    1. Wilson RS, Schneider JA, Boyle PA, Arnold SE, Tang Y, Bennett DA. Chronic distress and incidence of mild cognitive impairment. Neurology. 2007;68(24):2085–2092. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000264930.97061.82.
    1. Lin YP, Chiu KM, Wang TJ. Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the brief illness perception questionnaire for patients with coronary heart disease. Journal of Oriental Institute of Technology. 2011;31:145–156.
    1. Kossakowska MM, Stefaniak TJ. Psychometric properties for the polish version of the brief illness perception questionnaire (brief IPQ) Health Psychology Report. 2017;5(1):67–83. doi: 10.5114/hpr.2017.61668.
    1. de Raaij EJ, Schroder C, Maissan FJ, Pool JJ, Wittink H. Cross-cultural adaptation and measurement properties of the brief illness perception questionnaire-Dutch language version. Man Ther. 2012;17(4):330–335. doi: 10.1016/j.math.2012.03.001.
    1. Mokkink LB, Terwee CB, Knol DL, Stratford PW, Alonso J, Patrick DL, Bouter LM, de Vet HC. The COSMIN checklist for evaluating the methodological quality of studies on measurement properties: a clarification of its content. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2010;10:22. doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-10-22.

Source: PubMed

Sponsors and Collaborators

Medical Conditions

Drug Interventions

3
Subscribe