Can volunteer community health workers decrease child morbidity and mortality in southwestern Uganda? An impact evaluation

Abstract

Background: The potential for community health workers to improve child health in sub-Saharan Africa is not well understood. Healthy Child Uganda implemented a volunteer community health worker child health promotion model in rural Uganda. An impact evaluation was conducted to assess volunteer community health workers' effect on child morbidity, mortality and to calculate volunteer retention.

Methodology/principal findings: Two volunteer community health workers were selected, trained and promoted child health in each of 116 villages (population ∼61,000) during 2006-2009. Evaluation included a household survey of mothers at baseline and post-intervention in intervention/control areas, retrospective reviews of community health worker birth/child death reports and post-intervention focus group discussions. Retention was calculated from administrative records. Main outcomes were prevalence of recent child illness/underweight status, community health worker reports of child deaths, focus group perception of effect, and community health worker retention. After 18-36 months, 86% of trained volunteers remained active. Post-intervention surveys in intervention households revealed absolute reductions of 10.2% [95%CI (-17.7%, -2.6%)] in diarrhea prevalence and 5.8% [95%CI (-11.5%, -0.003%)] in fever/malaria; comparative decreases in control households were not statistically significant. Underweight prevalence was reduced by 5.1% [95%CI (-10.7%, 0.4%)] in intervention households. Community health worker monthly reports revealed a relative decline of 53% in child deaths (<5 years old), during the first 18 months of intervention. Focus groups credited community health workers with decreasing child deaths, improved care-seeking practices, and new income-generating opportunities.

Conclusions/significance: A low-cost child health promotion model using volunteer community health workers demonstrated decreased child morbidity, dramatic mortality trend declines and high volunteer retention. This sustainable model could be scaled-up to sub-Saharan African communities with limited resources and high child health needs.

Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have read the journal's policy and have the following conflicts: JB, JK, NS, DM, JKY, FNB, EM, MN, NRG, CP, KW, JG and TK received reimbursement for travel costs associated with this study from the Canadian International Development Agency and/or Mayfield Rotary Club. TK served as project manager for Healthy Child Uganda during the study; Healthy Generations Foundation supported her salary. ANA has no competing interests, financial or otherwise, that may be relevant to the submitted work. This does not alter the authors′ adherence to all the PLoS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Figures

Figure 1. Household survey study design.

Algorithmic illustration of methodology and sample size for both intervention and control areas in household survey. Population data from Mbarara and Bushenyi Districts, 2008 estimates , . Data errors noted in figure were due to missing or uninterpretable ages. In addition, there were 9 surveys conducted in 2009 that were missing village identification so are not shown. All surveys with data errors were excluded from analysis.

Figure 2. Volunteer community health worker responsibilities.