Relationships between cervical sagittal posture, muscle endurance, joint position sense, range of motion and level of smartphone addiction

Maryam Heidary Torkamani, Hamid Reza Mokhtarinia, Mohsen Vahedi, Charles Philip Gabel, Maryam Heidary Torkamani, Hamid Reza Mokhtarinia, Mohsen Vahedi, Charles Philip Gabel

Abstract

Background: Frequent smartphone use in a pathological way forces the user to adopt a compromised posture. This gradually results in changes to both the postural and musculoskeletal systems. This study's objectives were evaluation of head posture, muscle endurance, neck range of motion (ROM) and joint position sense in two separate smartphone user groups, one 'Addicted', the other 'Non-Addicted'.

Methods: A sample of convenience (n = 60) was recruited from medical students (age 24.57 ± 4.38, 53.3% male) with a history of smartphones use > 2 h/day for 1-year. Based on the cut-off values of the smartphone addiction scale-short version (SAS-SV), participants were entered into each group (cut-off for male ≥ 31, female ≥ 33). Neck muscle endurance time, joint position error and cervical ROM, along with forward head posture parameters of craniovertebral angle (CVA), shoulder angle (SA), sagittal head angle (SHA) and forward head distance (FHD)) were evaluated. A Mann-Whitney test and Spearman correlation coefficient were used to determine the difference between groups and the correlations between variables.

Results: The difference between 'Addicted' and 'Non-Addicted' groups was confirmed by the values for SAS-SV scores (25.23 ± 5.5 versus 43.9 ± 6.61) (p < 0.001). There were statistically significant differences between groups for the CVA and FHD parameters (p < 0.001). Further, the neck extensor muscle endurance (97 ± 3.79 versus 74.86 ± 2.23 s), was significantly different between groups (p = 0.010) but not after Bonferroni correction. There was no notable difference in the neck flexor muscle endurance, joint position error, SA, and SHA parameters between groups (p > 0.05).

Conclusions: There is a positive correlation between smartphone addiction and both decreased extensor muscle endurance and changes in neck postural alignment.

Keywords: Addiction; Endurance; Neck muscles; Proprioception; Smartphone.

Conflict of interest statement

Authors have no financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

© 2023. The Author(s).

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
NFMET assessment
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
NEMET assessment
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
JPS assessment
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Analyzed parameters of the head and shoulder region. [29]. FHD = Forward head distance, SHA = Sagittal head angle, CA = Craniovertebral angle, SA = Shoulder angle, C7 = 7th cervical spine vertebrae

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