Women's empowerment and experiences of mistreatment during childbirth in facilities in Lucknow, India: results from a cross-sectional study

Nadia Diamond-Smith, Emily Treleaven, Nirmala Murthy, May Sudhinaraset, Nadia Diamond-Smith, Emily Treleaven, Nirmala Murthy, May Sudhinaraset

Abstract

Background: Recent evidence has found widespread reports of women experiencing abuse, neglect, discrimination, and poor interpersonal care during childbirth around the globe. Empowerment may be a protective mechanism for women against facility mistreatment during childbirth. The majority of previous research on mistreatment during childbirth has been qualitative in nature.

Methods: In this analysis, we use quantitative data from 392 women who recently gave birth in a facility in the slums of Lucknow, India, to explore whether measures of women's empowerment are associated with their experiences of mistreatment at their last childbirth. We use the Gender Equitable Men (GEM) scale to measure women's views of gender equality.

Results: We find that women who had more equitable views about the role of women were less likely to report experiencing mistreatment during childbirth. These findings suggest that dimensions of women's empowerment related to social norms about women's value and role are associated with experiences of mistreatment during childbirth.

Conclusions: This expands our understanding of empowerment and women's health, and also suggests that the GEM scale can be used to measure certain domains of empowerment from a women's perspective in this setting.

Keywords: Facility delivery; Gender Equitable Men scale; Mistreatment; Respect and dignity; South Asia; Women’s autonomy and agency.

Conflict of interest statement

Ethics approval and consent to participant

Verbal informed consent was obtained from all study participants due to the low literacy levels in these communities. All study documents were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Boards at the University of California, San Francisco, and the Foundation for Research in Health Systems, India.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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