Understanding breast cancer patients' preference for two types of exercise training during chemotherapy in an unblinded randomized controlled trial

Abstract

Background: Patient preference for group assignment may affect outcomes in unblinded trials but few studies have attempted to understand such preferences. The purpose of the present study was to examine factors associated with breast cancer patients' preference for two types of exercise training during chemotherapy.

Methods: Breast cancer patients (N = 242) completed a battery of tests including a questionnaire that assessed patient preference and the theory of planned behavior (TPB) prior to being randomized to usual care, resistance exercise training (RET), or aerobic exercise training (AET).

Results: 99 (40.9%) participants preferred RET, 88 (36.4%) preferred AET, and 55 (22.7%) reported no preference. Past exercisers (p = 0.023), smokers (p = 0.004), and aerobically fitter participants (p = 0.005) were more likely to prefer RET. As hypothesized, participants that preferred AET had more favorable TPB beliefs about AET whereas participants that preferred RET had more favorable TPB beliefs about RET. In multivariate modeling, patient preference for RET versus AET was explained (R2 = .46; p < 0.001) by the difference in motivation for RET versus AET (beta = .56; p < 0.001), smoking status (beta = .13; p = 0.007), and aerobic fitness (beta = .12; p = 0.018). Motivational difference between RET versus AET, in turn, was explained (R2 = .48; p < 0.001) by differences in instrumental attitude (beta = .27; p < 0.001), affective attitude (beta = .25; p < 0.001), and perceived behavioral control (beta = .24; p < 0.001).

Conclusion: Breast cancer patients' preference for RET versus AET during chemotherapy was predicted largely by a difference in motivation for each type of exercise which, in turn, was based on differences in their beliefs about the anticipated benefits, enjoyment, and difficulty of performing each type of exercise during chemotherapy. These findings may help explain patient preference effects in unblinded behavioral trials.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT00115713.

Figures

Figure 1

Motivation for aerobic versus resistance exercise by patient preference. Note: AET = aerobic exercise training; RET = resistance exercise training. Motivation assessed on a 7 point scale from 1 to 7.

Figure 2

Association between recent exercise and patient preference. AET = aerobic exercise training; RET = resistance exercise training. Note: Exercisers defined as performing at least 150 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous exercise/week or 60 minutes of vigorous exercise/week.

Figure 3

Association between smoking and patient preference. Note: AET = aerobic exercise training; RET = resistance exercise training.

Figure 4

Association between baseline aerobic fitness and patient preference. Note: AET = aerobic exercise training; RET = resistance exercise training.