Instrumental or Physical-Exercise Rehabilitation of Balance Improves Both Balance and Gait in Parkinson's Disease

Marica Giardini, Antonio Nardone, Marco Godi, Simone Guglielmetti, Ilaria Arcolin, Fabrizio Pisano, Marco Schieppati, Marica Giardini, Antonio Nardone, Marco Godi, Simone Guglielmetti, Ilaria Arcolin, Fabrizio Pisano, Marco Schieppati

Abstract

We hypothesised that rehabilitation specifically addressing balance in Parkinson's disease patients might improve not only balance but locomotion as well. Two balance-training protocols (standing on a moving platform and traditional balance exercises) were assessed by assigning patients to two groups (Platform, n = 15, and Exercises, n = 17). The platform moved periodically in the anteroposterior, laterolateral, and oblique direction, with and without vision in different trials. Balance exercises were based on the Otago Exercise Program. Both platform and exercise sessions were administered from easy to difficult. Outcome measures were (a) balancing behaviour, assessed by both Index of Stability (IS) on platform and Mini-BESTest, and (b) gait, assessed by both baropodometry and Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I) and Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-8) were administered. Both groups exhibited better balance control, as assessed both by IS and by Mini-BESTest. Gait speed at baropodometry also improved in both groups, while TUG was less sensitive to improvement. Scores of FES-I and PDQ-8 showed a marginal improvement. A four-week treatment featuring no gait training but focused on challenging balance tasks produces considerable gait enhancement in mildly to moderately affected patients. Walking problems in PD depend on postural instability and are successfully relieved by appropriate balance rehabilitation. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03314597.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(a) Distribution of the exercise subtypes in % of the total duration of the balance training sessions. The data originate from of all patients and all sessions collapsed. OLS: one leg stance. (b) Distribution of the platform perturbation subtypes in % of the total duration of the platform training sessions, all patients, and all sessions collapsed. Each patient was trained with from easy to difficult conditions.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Flowchart for participant inclusion, allocation, evaluations, intervention, and analysis. Abbreviations: MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination; UPDRS III: Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale; TUG: Timed Up and Go Test; FES-I: Falls Efficacy Scale-International; PDQ-8: Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire, 8 items.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Training effects on body stabilization assessed by the moving-platform test in the two groups of patients (PD-E and PD-P) at baseline (T1, yellow columns) and after treatment (T2, pink columns). All subjects were tested at 0.4 Hz perturbation frequency, eyes closed. At T2, patients endured longer periods on the platform than at T1 (a). Head (b) and hip (c) displacement (Index of Stability (IS)) improved significantly after both platform and exercise training, indicating a decrease in body segment oscillation. IS at T2 was better in the PD-P than in the PE-E group for both the head and hip. (d) shows that feet position on the platform was substantially unvarying for patients in both groups. Asterisks (∗p < 0.05; ∗∗∗p < 0.0005) indicate differences (T1, T2) within groups and between groups at T2.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Training effect on balance, measured by the total score of the Mini-BESTest. Yellow columns represent pretraining and pink columns posttraining evaluation. A significant difference was found between T1 and T2 within each group (Wilcoxon test; ∗p < 0.05).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Analysis of the training effects assessed by the baropodometric and clinical measures collected in the two groups at baseline (T1, yellow columns) and after the treatment (T2, pink columns). Gait speed (a) significantly improved in both groups, while cadence (b) and step length (c) increased only slightly (significantly so in PD-E). Dashed lines indicate the limits of normality. Time to perform the TUG test (d) slightly diminished in both groups; cut-off score for fall risk is indicated by the dashed line. Asterisks (∗p < 0.05; ∗∗p < 0.005, Tukey's post hoc test) indicate differences within group. No difference was found between groups after training for any variable.
Figure 6
Figure 6
(a) This shows the correlation between gait speed pre- and posttreatment, as assessed by baropodometry. Red and blue circles represent all single subjects of the PD-E and PD-P groups, respectively. Most data points lay above the identity, indicating increased walking speed in most patients. (b) The patients with a lower gait speed at T1, belonging to both treatments groups, did not show a statistically significant disproportionate improvement after training.
Figure 7
Figure 7
(a) The scatterplot shows the changes in TUG time (T2–T1) plotted against the TUG time at T1 for each patient of both groups. For most patients, TUG time at T1 was close to the normal values of age-matched healthy subjects. The decrease in time was limited (or absent) in most cases, except for three patients, who improved much their initial performance. (b) Percent changes in TUG time after rehabilitation were not related to the percent improvement of gait speed assessed by baropodometry.
Figure 8
Figure 8
The regression lines are drawn through the data points representing the percent changes in gait speed at T2 against medication. There was no effect of total medication (expressed as levodopa equivalent dose) on changes in gait speed, in either treatment group.

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