Wearable Piezoelectric-Based System for Continuous Beat-to-Beat Blood Pressure Measurement

Ting-Wei Wang, Shien-Fong Lin, Ting-Wei Wang, Shien-Fong Lin

Abstract

Non-invasive continuous blood pressure measurement is an emerging issue that potentially can be applied to cardiovascular disease monitoring and prediction. Recently, many groups have proposed the pulse transition time (PTT) method to estimate blood pressure for long-term monitoring. However, the PTT-based methods for blood pressure estimation are limited by non-specific estimation models and require multiple calibrations. This study aims to develop a low-cost wearable piezoelectric-based system for continuous beat-to-beat blood pressure measurement. The pressure change in the radial artery was extracted by systolic and diastolic feature points in pressure pulse wave (PPW) and the pressure sensitivity of the sensor. The proposed system showed a reliable accuracy of systolic blood pressure (SBP) (mean absolute error (MAE) ± standard deviation (SD) 1.52 ± 0.30 mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP, MAE ± SD 1.83 ± 0.50), and its performance agreed with standard criteria of MAE within 5 mmHg and SD within ±8 mmHg. In conclusion, this study successfully developed a low-cost, high-accuracy piezoelectric-based system for continuous beat-to-beat SBP and DBP measurement without multiple calibrations and complex regression analysis. The system is potentially suitable for continuous, long-term blood pressure-monitoring applications.

Keywords: continuous blood pressure; piezoelectric sensor; wearable device.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(a) Calculate the ΔmV at the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) feature points within the adjacent wave. (b) Convert the voltage change (ΔmV) into pressure change (ΔmmHg) by the pressure sensitivity of the piezoelectric sensor (mV/mmHg).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Continuous beat-to-beat SBP and DBP monitoring.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Schematic of the overall system.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Piezoelectric sensor measurement location.
Figure 5
Figure 5
The simulated frequency response of the system.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Peak and valley detection algorithm for pressure pulse wave (PPW) signals.
Figure 7
Figure 7
PPW signals from the (a) analog circuit (b) post-processing unit.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Peak and valley detection algorithm for PPW signals.
Figure 9
Figure 9
(a) The voltage change and (b) pressure change within feature points of SBP and DBP.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Beat-to beat blood pressure for 12 beats.
Figure 11
Figure 11
(a) PPW signals from the radial artery for 30 min measurement. (b) Accuracy evaluation for a piezoelectric-base system for 30 min measurement, compared to an oscillometric sensor (Subject 1).

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