Respiratory Pathogen Distribution During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic
Comparative Analysis of Respiratory Pathogens During and After the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: A Retrospective Multiplex PCR-Based Study
This retrospective observational study aims to evaluate changes in the prevalence and distribution of respiratory pathogens detected by multiplex respiratory polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing during and after the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The study includes 537 patients presenting with respiratory infection symptoms at a tertiary care center. Patients were divided into pandemic-period and post-pandemic-period groups, and respiratory pathogen profiles were compared between the groups.
The study investigates the epidemiological impact of COVID-19-related public health measures on respiratory pathogen circulation patterns, including bacterial and viral respiratory infections. The findings may contribute to improved respiratory infection surveillance, diagnostic strategies, and post-pandemic public health preparedness.
Descripción general del estudio
Estado
Descripción detallada
The COVID-19 pandemic significantly altered the epidemiology of respiratory infections worldwide. Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), including mask use, social distancing, travel restrictions, enhanced hygiene measures, and lockdown policies, were implemented primarily to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission. However, these interventions also affected the circulation patterns of other respiratory pathogens.
Several studies have demonstrated substantial reductions in influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and other respiratory viral infections during periods of strict public health measures. Following the relaxation of these interventions, many regions experienced re-emergence and altered seasonal patterns of respiratory pathogens. Continuous surveillance of respiratory infections has therefore become increasingly important for both clinical management and public health preparedness.
This retrospective observational cohort study aims to evaluate changes in respiratory pathogen prevalence during and after the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic using multiplex respiratory PCR testing data obtained from patients presenting with respiratory infection symptoms at a tertiary care center. A total of 537 patients were included and categorized into pandemic-period and post-pandemic-period groups.
Demographic characteristics and multiplex PCR results were analyzed and compared between the groups. Respiratory pathogens evaluated in the study included bacterial and viral agents such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Influenza A/B, SARS-CoV-2, RSV, Rhinovirus, Bocavirus, Parainfluenza virus, Coronavirus, and Metapneumovirus.
The study aims to contribute to understanding the long-term epidemiological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated public health measures on respiratory pathogen distribution. In addition, the findings may support future infection surveillance strategies, diagnostic approaches, and healthcare preparedness in post-pandemic periods.
Tipo de estudio
Inscripción (Actual)
Contactos y Ubicaciones
Ubicaciones de estudio
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Istanbul, Turquía (Türkiye), 34768
- Hisar Intercontinental Hospital
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Criterios de participación
Criterio de elegibilidad
Edades elegibles para estudiar
- Niño
- Adulto
- Adulto Mayor
Acepta Voluntarios Saludables
Método de muestreo
Población de estudio
Descripción
Inclusion Criteria:
- Adults and/or pediatric patients presenting with respiratory infection symptoms
- Patients who underwent multiplex respiratory PCR testing
- Patients with complete demographic and laboratory records
- Patients included during the defined pandemic or post-pandemic study periods
Exclusion Criteria:
- Incomplete laboratory or demographic data
- Duplicate test records from the same infection episode
- Invalid or inconclusive PCR results
- Patients without respiratory infection symptoms
Plan de estudios
¿Cómo está diseñado el estudio?
Detalles de diseño
Cohortes e Intervenciones
Grupo / Cohorte |
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Pandemic Period Group
Patients presenting with respiratory infection symptoms who underwent multiplex respiratory PCR testing during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic period.
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Post-Pandemic Period Group
Patients presenting with respiratory infection symptoms who underwent multiplex respiratory PCR testing during the post-pandemic normalization period.
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¿Qué mide el estudio?
Medidas de resultado primarias
Medida de resultado |
Medida Descripción |
Periodo de tiempo |
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Change in the prevalence of respiratory pathogens between the pandemic and post-pandemic periods
Periodo de tiempo: Retrospectively assessed at the time of respiratory PCR testing during the study periods. Pandemic period: March 2020 - May 2023 Post-pandemic period: June 2023 - December 202
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The primary outcome is the difference in detection rates of respiratory pathogens identified by multiplex respiratory PCR testing between the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic period and the post-pandemic period.
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Retrospectively assessed at the time of respiratory PCR testing during the study periods. Pandemic period: March 2020 - May 2023 Post-pandemic period: June 2023 - December 202
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Colaboradores e Investigadores
Patrocinador
Publicaciones y enlaces útiles
Publicaciones Generales
- Poole S, Brendish NJ, Clark TW. SARS-CoV-2 has displaced other seasonal respiratory viruses: Results from a prospective cohort study. J Infect. 2020 Dec;81(6):966-972. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.11.010. Epub 2020 Nov 15.
- Bandeira TJPG, Oliveira ALS, Martins LFP, Matos RM, Santos SRNGD, Lopes MC, Sobreira RTP, Rocha HAL. Molecular detection of respiratory viruses: an observational study on respiratory co-infections in children and adults. Braz J Microbiol. 2025 Mar;56(1):537-543. doi: 10.1007/s42770-024-01581-x. Epub 2024 Dec 17.
- Le Hingrat Q, Bouzid D, Choquet C, Laurent O, Lescure FX, Timsit JF, Houhou-Fidouh N, Casalino E, Lucet JC, Descamps D, Visseaux B. Viral epidemiology and SARS-CoV-2 co-infections with other respiratory viruses during the first COVID-19 wave in Paris, France. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2021 Jul;15(4):425-428. doi: 10.1111/irv.12853. Epub 2021 Apr 4.
- Olsen SJ, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Budd AP, Brammer L, Sullivan S, Pineda RF, Cohen C, Fry AM. Decreased influenza activity during the COVID-19 pandemic-United States, Australia, Chile, and South Africa, 2020. Am J Transplant. 2020 Dec;20(12):3681-3685. doi: 10.1111/ajt.16381.
- Yam SLS, Baguio JMJ, Chan RWY. Pediatric Respiratory Viral Infection. Viruses. 2024 May 6;16(5):733. doi: 10.3390/v16050733.
- Agca H, Akalin H, Saglik I, Hacimustafaoglu M, Celebi S, Ener B. Changing epidemiology of influenza and other respiratory viruses in the first year of COVID-19 pandemic. J Infect Public Health. 2021 Sep;14(9):1186-1190. doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2021.08.004. Epub 2021 Aug 8.
- Agha R, Avner JR. Delayed Seasonal RSV Surge Observed During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Pediatrics. 2021 Sep;148(3):e2021052089. doi: 10.1542/peds.2021-052089. Epub 2021 Jun 9. No abstract available.
Fechas de registro del estudio
Fechas importantes del estudio
Inicio del estudio (Actual)
Finalización primaria (Actual)
Finalización del estudio (Actual)
Fechas de registro del estudio
Enviado por primera vez
Primero enviado que cumplió con los criterios de control de calidad
Publicado por primera vez (Actual)
Actualizaciones de registros de estudio
Última actualización publicada (Actual)
Última actualización enviada que cumplió con los criterios de control de calidad
Última verificación
Más información
Términos relacionados con este estudio
Palabras clave
Términos MeSH relevantes adicionales
Otros números de identificación del estudio
- HHI-RP-PCR-2026-001
Plan de datos de participantes individuales (IPD)
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Descripción del plan IPD
Información sobre medicamentos y dispositivos, documentos del estudio
Estudia un producto farmacéutico regulado por la FDA de EE. UU.
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