Development and psychometric testing of the Spanish version of the Caregiver Preparedness Scale

Belen Gutierrez-Baena, Carmen Romero-Grimaldi, Belen Gutierrez-Baena, Carmen Romero-Grimaldi

Abstract

Aim: To psychometrically test the Spanish version of the Caregiver Preparedness Scale (CPS) and document the preparedness level of caregivers.

Design: A descriptive and validation study.

Method: Purposive sampling method was used to select 171 family caregivers Spain. The scale was cross-culturally adapted through a process that included translation, comparison with versions in other languages and back-translation, review, pre-testing and validity, and reliability tests.

Results: The Spanish family caregivers are mainly female (79%) and married (75%). The Spanish version of the CPS presents changes with respect to the original. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the single-factor model. Analysis of internal consistency yielded a Cronbach's α of 0.89. Significant correlations (p < .01) with other scales supported convergent validity. A descriptive analysis of the validated scale showed average levels of preparation (2.16 out of 4). Caregivers felt better prepared to attend to the patient's physical needs than emotional or spiritual needs.

Keywords: Spanish version; caregiver preparedness scale; caregivers; instrument development; nursing; preparedness; psychometrics; reliability; validity.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

© 2020 The Authors. Nursing Open published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Scree Plot
Figure 2
Figure 2
Confirmatory factor analysis of the Spanish version CPS in family caregivers

References

    1. Abellán, A. , Esparza, C. , & Pérez, J. (2011). Evolución y estructura de la población en situación de dependencia. Cuadernos De Relaciones Laborales, 29, 43–67. 10.5209/rev_CRLA.2011.v29.n1.2
    1. Alpass, F. , Keeling, S. , Allen, J. , Stevenson, B. , & Stephens, C. (2017). Reconciling work and caregiving responsibilities among older workers in New Zeland. Journal of Cross‐Cultural Gerontology, 32(3), 323–337. 10.1007/s10823-017-9327-3
    1. Archbold, P. G. , Stewart, B. J. , Greenlick, M. R. , & Harvath, T. (1990). Mutuality and preparedness as predictors of caregiver role strain. Research in Nursing & Health, 13(6), 375–384. 10.1002/nur.4770130605
    1. Beaton, D. E. , Bombardier, C. , Guillemin, F. , & Ferraz, M. B. (2000). Guidelines for the process of cross‐cultural adaptation of self‐report measures. Spine, 25(24), 3186–3191.
    1. Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238–246. 10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424
    1. Bermejo, J. C. , Lozano, B. , Villacieros, M. , & Gil, M. (2013). Medicina paliativa de los usuarios: Valoración y vivencia de los usuarios. Medicina Paliativa, 20(3), 93–102. 10.1016/j.medipa.2012.05.004
    1. Bódalo, E. (2010). Cambios en los estilos de vida de las cuidadoras de personas dependientes. Portularia, 10(1), 85–97. 10.5218/prts.2010.0007
    1. Carter, J. H. , Lyons, K. S. , Stewart, B. J. , Archbold, P. G. , & Scobee, R. (2010). Does age make a difference in caregiver strain? Comparison of young versus older caregivers in early‐stage Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders, 25(6), 724–730. 10.1002/mds.22888
    1. Cid, J. , & Damián, J. (1997). Valoración de la discapacidad física: El índice de Barthel. Revista Española De Salud Pública, 71(2), 127–137.
    1. Clark, L. A. , & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. American Psychological Association, 7(3), 309–319. 10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309
    1. Coppetti, L. D. C. , Girardon‐Perlini, N. M. O. , Andolhe, R. , Silva, L. M. C. D. , Dapper, S. N. , & Noro, E. (2019). Caring ability, burden, stress and coping of family caregivers of people in cancer treatment. Revista Brasileira De Enfermagem, 72(6), 1541–1546. 10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0605
    1. Crespo, M. , Fernández‐Lansac, V. , & Soberón, C. (2014). Spanish version of the CD‐RISC resilience scale for chronic stress situations. Behavioral Psychology, 22, 219–238.
    1. Escobar, J. , & Cuervo, A. (2008). Validez de contenido y juicio de expertos: una aproximación a su utilización. Avances en Medición, 6, 27–36. 10.1016/0032-3861(78)90049-6
    1. Escobar‐Bravo, M. A. (2004). Adaptación transcultural de instrumentos de medida relacionados con la salud (Cross‐cultural adaptation of health‐related measuring instruments). Enfermería Clínica, 14(2), 102–106. 10.1016/S1130-8621(04)73863-2
    1. Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. SAGE.
    1. Fornell, C. , & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement. Marketing Reserarch, 18(1), 39–51. 10.1177/002224378101800104
    1. Fortin, M. , Soubhi, H. , Hudon, C. , Bayliss, E. A. , & van den Akker, M. (2007). Multimorbidity's many challenges. BMJ, 334(7602), 1016–1017.
    1. Garratt, A. M. , Ruta, D. A. , Abdalla, M. I. , Buckingham, J. K. , & Russell, I. T. (1993). The SF 36 health survey questionnaire: An outcome measure suitable for routine use within the NHS? British Medical Journal, 306, 1440–1444. 10.1136/bmj.306.6890.1440
    1. Giarelli, E. , & Ed, D. (2003). Caring for a spouse after prostate surgery: The preparedness needs of wives. Journal of Family Nursing, 9(4), 453–485.
    1. Groeneveld, R. A. , & Meeden, G. (1984). Measuring skewness and kurtosis. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series D (The Statistician), 33(4), 391–399.
    1. Guillemin, F. , Bombardier, C. , & Beaton, D. (1993). Cross‐cultural adaptation of health‐related quality of life measures: Literature review and proposed guidelines. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 46(12), 1417–1432. 10.1016/0895-4356(93)90142-N
    1. Guillemin, F. , Brianqon, S. , & Pourel, J. (1992). Validity and discriminant ability of a French version of the Health Assessment Questionnaire in early RA. Disability and Rehabilitation, 14, 71–77.
    1. Gutiérrez, B. , & Romero‐Grimaldi, C. (2018). En la Salud y en la Enfermedad: El relato de una cuidadora. Archivos de la Memoria, 15. Retrieved from
    1. Guyatt, G. , Walter, S. , Shannon, H. , Cook, D. , Jaeschke, R. , & Heddle, N. (1995). Basic statistics for clinicians: 4. Correlation and regression. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 152(4), 497–504.
    1. Hair, J. F. , Anderson, R. E. , Tatham, R. L. , & Black, W. C. (1999). Análisis multivariante. Prentice Hall.
    1. Hair, J. F. , Black, W. C. , Babin, B. J. , & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis. Prentice Hall.
    1. Hendricson, W. D. , Jon Russell, I. , Prihoda, T. J. , Jacobson, J. M. , Rogan, A. , Bishop, G. D. , & Castillo, R. (1989). Development and initial validation of a dual language English‐Spanish format for the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 32, 1153–1159. 10.1002/anr.1780320915
    1. Henriksson, A. , Andershed, B. , Benzein, E. , & Årestedt, K. (2012). Adaptation and psychometric evaluation of the Preparedness for Caregiving Scale, Caregiver Competence Scale and Rewards of Caregiving Scale in a sample of Swedish family members of patients with life‐threatening illness. Palliative Medicine, 26(7), 930–939. 10.1177/0269216311419987
    1. Henriksson, A. , & Årestedt, K. (2013). Exploring factors and caregiver outcomes associated with feelings of preparedness for caregiving in family caregivers in palliative care: A correlational, cross‐sectional study. Palliative Medicine, 27(7), 639–643. 10.1177/0269216313486954
    1. Henriksson, A. , Hudson, P. , Öhlen, J. , Thomas, K. , Holm, M. , Carlander, I. , Hagell, P. , & Årestedt, K. (2015). Use of the Preparedness for Caregiving Scale in palliative care: A Rasch evaluation study. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 50(4), 533–541. 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2015.04.012
    1. Hernández, M. A. , Fernández, M. J. , Blanco, M. A. , Alves, M. T. , Fernández, M. J. , Souto, A. I. , & Clavería Fontán, A. (2019). Depresión y sobrecarga en el cuidado de personas mayores. Revista Española De Salud Publica, 93, 1–10.
    1. Hoyle, R. H. (1995). Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues and applications. SAGE.
    1. Hudson, P. L. , & Hayman‐White, K. (2006). Measuring the psychosocial characteristics of family caregivers of palliative care patients: Psychometric properties of nine self‐report instruments. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 31(3), 215–228. 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2005.07.010
    1. Jöreskog, K. G. , & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Scientific Software International.
    1. Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. The Guilford Press.
    1. Kneeshaw, M. F. , Considine, R. M. , & Jennings, J. (1999). Mutuality and preparedness of family caregivers for elderly women after bypass surgery. Applied Nursing Research, 12(3), 128–135. 10.1016/S0897-1897(99)80034-2
    1. Lalani, N. , Duggleby, W. , & Olson, J. (2018). Spirituality among family caregivers in palliative care: An integrative literature review. International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 24(2), 80–91. 10.12968/ijpn.2018.24.2.80
    1. López, M. J. , Orueta, R. , Gómez‐Caro, S. , Sánchez, A. , Carmona, J. , & Alonso, F. J. (2009). El rol de Cuidador de personas dependientes y sus repercusiones sobre su Calidad de Vida y su Salud. Revista Clínica de Medicina de Familia, 2(7), 332–334. 10.4321/S1699-695X2009000200004
    1. MacCallum, R. C. , Widaman, K. F. , Zhang, S. , & Hong, S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 4, 84–99. 10.1037/1082-989X.4.1.84
    1. Martín, M. , Salvadó, I. , Nadal, S. , Miji, L. C. , Rico, J. M. , Lanz, P. , & Taussing, M. I. (1996). Adaptación para nuestro medio de la escala de sobrecarga del cuidador (Caregiver Burden Interview) de Zarit. Revista Multidisciplinar De Gerontología, 6(4), 338–346.
    1. Min, J.‐A. , Jung, Y.‐E. , Kim, D.‐J. , Yim, H.‐W. , Kim, J.‐J. , Kim, T.‐S. , Lee, C.‐U. , Lee, C. , & Chae, J.‐H. (2013). Characteristics associated with low resilience in patients with depression and/or anxiety disorders. Quality of Life Research, 22(2), 231–241. 10.1007/s11136-012-0153-3
    1. Notario, B. , Solera, M. , Serrano, M. D. , Bartolomé, R. , García, J. , & Martínez, V. (2011). Reliability and validity of the Spanish version of the 10‐item Connor‐Davidson Resilience Scale (10‐item CD‐RISC) in young adults. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 9, 63. 10.1186/1477-7525-9-63
    1. Nunnally, J. C. , & Bernstein, I. H. (1995). Análisis Factorial I: El modelo general y la condensación de la varianza (Factor Analysis I: The General Model and Variance Condensation). In Nunnally J. C., & Bernstein I. H. (Eds.), Teoría Psicométrica (Psychometric Theory), 3rd ed. (pp. 505–526). McGraw‐Hill.
    1. World Health Organization (2015). World report on ageing and health.
    1. Özdemir, F. , Doğan, S. , & Atayoğlu, A. T. (2020). Psychosocial problems of family caregivers of palliative care patients and their spiritual coping styles. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 56(2), 1–6. 10.1111/ppc.12479
    1. Petruzzo, A. , Biagioli, V. , Durante, A. , Emberti, L. , Agostino, F. D. , Alvaro, R. , & Vellone, E. (2019). Patient education and counseling influence of preparedness on anxiety, depression and quality of life in caregivers of heart failure patients: Testing a model of path analysis. Patient Education and Counseling, 102(5), 1021–1028. 10.1016/j.pec.2018.12.027
    1. Petruzzo, A. , Paturzo, M. , Buck, H. G. , Barbaranelli, C. , D'Agostino, F. , Ausili, D. , Alvaro, R. , & Vellone, E. (2017). Psychometric evaluation of the Caregiver Preparedness Scale in caregivers of adults with heart failure. Research in Nursing & Health, 40(5), 470–478.
    1. Polit, D. F. (2010). Statistics and data analysis for nursing research, 2nd ed. Pearson.
    1. Pucciarelli, G. , Savini, S. , Byun, E. , Simeone, S. , Barbaranelli, C. , Vela, R. J. , & Vellone, E. (2014). Psychometric properties of the Caregiver Preparedness Scale in caregivers of stroke survivors. Heart and Lung, 43(6), 555–560. 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2014.08.004
    1. Roguero‐García, J. (2009). Distribución en España del cuidado formal e informal a las personas de 65 y más años en situación de dependencia. Revista Española Salud Pública, 83(3), 393–405. 10.1590/S1135-57272009000300005
    1. Schumacher, K. L. , Stewart, B. J. , & Archbold, P. G. (2007). Mutuality and preparedness moderate the effects of caregiving demand on cancer family caregiver outcomes. Nursing Research, 56(6), 425–433. 10.1097/01.NNR.0000299852.75300.03
    1. Sencan, H. (2005). Reliability and Validity in Social and Behavioral Measures. Ankara. A Work Book (in Turkish).
    1. Stone, K. (2014). Enhancing preparedness and satisfaction of caregivers of patients discharged from an inpatient rehabilitation facility using an interactive website. Rehabilitation Nursing, 39(2), 76–85. 10.1002/rnj.123
    1. Strada, E. A. (2019). Psychosocial issues and bereavement. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice, 46(3), 373–386. 10.1016/j.pop.2019.05.004
    1. Stratta, P. , Capanna, C. , Riccardi, I. , Perugi, G. , Toni, C. , Dell’Osso, L. , & Rossi, A. (2013). Spirituality and religiosity in the aftermath of a natural catastrophe in Italy. Journal of Religion and Health, 52(3), 1029–1037. 10.1007/s10943-012-9591-z
    1. Streiner, D. L. (2003). Starting at the beginning: An introduction to coefficient alpha and internal consistency. Personality Assessment, 80(1), 99–103. 10.1207/S15327752JPA8001_18
    1. Tabachnick, B. G. , & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using Multivariate Statistics, 4th ed. Allyn and Bacon.
    1. Tabachnick, B. G. , Fidell, L. S. , & Ullman, J. B. (2007). Using multivariate statistics. Pearson.
    1. Ugur, O. , Elçigil, A. , Aslan, D. , & Paçal, S. (2017). The psychometric properties of the Preparedness Scale of the family Care Inventory: The turkish version. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 10(2), 657–668.
    1. Vélez, J. M. , Berbesí, D. Y. , Cardona, D. , Segura, A. M. , & Ordóñez, J. E. (2012). Validación de escalas abreviadas de zarit para la medición de síndrome del cuidador primario del adulto mayor en Medellín. Atención Primaria, 44(7), 411–416. 10.1016/j.aprim.2011.09.007
    1. Vellone, E. , Biagioli, V. , Durante, A. , Buck, H. , Lovino, P. , Colaceci, S. , & Petruzzo, A. (2020). The influence of caregiver preparedness on caregiver contributions to self‐care in heart failure and the mediating role of caregiver confidence. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 35(3), 1–10. 10.1097/JCN.0000000000000632
    1. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki (2013). Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. Journal of the American Medical Association, 310(20), 2191–2194. 10.1001/jama.2013.281053
    1. Yang, C. T. , Liu, H. Y. , & Shyu, Y. I. (2014). Dyadic relational resources and role strain in family caregivers of persons living with dementia at home: A cross‐sectional survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 51(4), 593–602. 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2013.09.001
    1. Zarit, S.H. , Reever, K.E. , & Bach‐Peterson, J. (1980). Relatives of the Impaired Elderly: Correlates of Feelings of Burden. The Gerontologist, 20(6), 649–655. 10.1093/geront/20.6.649

Source: PubMed

Szponzorok és közreműködők

Egészségi állapot

Kábítószer-beavatkozások

3
Iratkozz fel