The influence of participation in target-shooting sport for children with inattentive, hyperactive and impulsive symptoms - A controlled study of best practice

Annegrete Gohr Månsson, Mette Elmose, Søren Dalsgaard, Kirsten K Roessler, Annegrete Gohr Månsson, Mette Elmose, Søren Dalsgaard, Kirsten K Roessler

Abstract

Background: Practising target-shooting sport requires focused attention and motoric steadiness. A previous non-controlled pilot study suggests that children with impairing symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) benefit from participating in target-shooting sport in local shooting associations, as rated by parents and teachers. This study aims at examining if, and to which extent, target-shooting sport reduces parent- and teacher-reported severity of inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsivity in children with attention difficulties, and if, and to which extend, target-shooting sport improves the children's wellbeing and quality of life.

Methods: A mixed method approach is applied. A non-blinded, waiting list controlled study is combined with a case study, consisting of interviews and observations. The intervention consists of children practising target-shooting sport, by attending a local shooting association, once a week for six months, during regular school hours. Data from questionnaires (ADHD-RS, SDQ, Kidscreen-27), as well as a computerized continued performance test (Qb test), measure the children's activity and attention. The study includes 50 children in an intervention group and 50 children in a waiting list control group. The Qb test collects data from at least 20 children from the intervention group and at least 20 children from the waiting list control group. Data from the questionnaires and Qb-test is collected at baseline, and six months post intervention. In addition, a case study is carried out, consisting of interviews of at least five children from the intervention group, their parents, teachers and shooting instructors. Observations are carried out, when children are in school and while they are attending the local shooting association. The case study adds to an in-depth understanding of children's participation in target-shooting sports.

Discussion: At present, little is known about the effects and influence of practising target-shooting sport for children experiencing difficulties with inattentiveness, hyperactivity and impulsivity. This study is expected to contribute to an understanding of the influence of participating in target-shooting sports on inattentive, hyperactive and impulsive symptoms, and the effects on the children's psychological wellbeing and quality of life.

Trial registration: Current Controlled Trials NCT02898532 . Retrospectively registered 14 September 2016.

Keywords: ADHD; Children; Hyperactivity; Impulsivity; Inattentiveness; Mental training; Physical activity; Target-shooting sport.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Flow Diagram (Inspired of CONSORT 2000)

References

    1. Barkley RA. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. New York: Guilford Publications. 2014.
    1. Madsen KB, Ersboll AK, Olsen J, Parner E, Obel C. Geographic analysis of the variation in the incidence of ADHD in a country with free access to healthcare: a Danish cohort study. Int J Health Geogr. 2015;14:24. doi: 10.1186/s12942-015-0018-4.
    1. Dalsgaard S, Nielsen HS, Simonsen M: Five-fold increase in national prevalence rates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder medications for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and other psychiatric disorders: a Danish register-based study. Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology 2013, 23(7):432-439.
    1. Polanczyk G, de Lima MS, Horta BL, Biederman J, Rohde LA. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis. Am J Psychiatr. 2007;164(6):942–48. doi: 10.1176/ajp.2007.164.6.942.
    1. Riley AW, Spiel G, Coghill D, Dopfner M, Falissard B, Lorenzo MJ, Preuss U, Ralston SJ. Factors related to health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among children with ADHD in Europe at entry into treatment. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006;15(Suppl 1):I38–I45. doi: 10.1007/s00787-006-1006-9.
    1. Dalsgaard S, Mortensen PB, Frydenberg M, Thomsen PH. Long−term criminal outcome of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Crim Behav Ment Health. 2013;23(2):86–98. doi: 10.1002/cbm.1860.
    1. Dalsgaard S, Ostergaard SD, Leckman JF, Mortensen PB, Pedersen MG. Mortality in children, adolescents, and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a nationwide cohort study. Lancet (London, England) 2015;385(9983):2190–2196. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61684-6.
    1. Health NCCfM . Diagnosis and management of ADHD in children, young people and adults. NICE clinical guidelines, no. 72. Leicester: British Psychological Society (UK); 2009.
    1. Cerrillo-Urbina AJ, Garcia-Hermoso A, Sanchez-Lopez M, Pardo-Guijarro MJ, Santos Gomez JL, Martinez-Vizcaino V. The effects of physical exercise in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Child Care Health Dev. 2015;41(6):779–788. doi: 10.1111/cch.12255.
    1. Haydicky J, Wiener J, Badali P, Milligan K, Ducharme JM. Evaluation of a mindfulness-based intervention for adolescents with learning disabilities and co-occurring ADHD and anxiety. Mindfulness. 2012;3:151–165. doi: 10.1007/s12671-012-0089-2.
    1. Kang KD, Choi JW, Kang SG, Han DH. Sports therapy for attention, cognitions and sociality. Int J Sports Med. 2011;32(12):953–959. doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1283175.
    1. van de Weijer-Bergsma E, Formsma AR, de Bruin EI, Bogels SM. The effectiveness of mindfulness training on behavioral problems and Attentional functioning in adolescents with ADHD. J Child Fam Stud. 2012;21(5):775–787. doi: 10.1007/s10826-011-9531-7.
    1. van der Oord S, Bogels SM, Peijnenburg D. The effectiveness of mindfulness training for children with ADHD and mindful parenting for their parents. J Child Fam Stud. 2012;21(1):139–147. doi: 10.1007/s10826-011-9457-0.
    1. Jeppesen A, Pensgaard A. Mental training i shooting. Norge: Stenvaag Våpencenter; 2006.
    1. Evaluering af projekt FOKUS - ro og koncentration gennem skydeidræt. []. Accessed 25 Mar 2017.
    1. Creswell JW, Clark VP. Designing and conduction mixed Methods research. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2011.
    1. Yin RK. Case Study Research: Design and Methods 5. Dallas: edn: SAGE Publications, Inc; 2014.
    1. DuPaul G, Power T, Anastopoulos A, Reid R. ADHD rating scale –IV. New York: The Guilford Press; 1998.
    1. Barkley R, Gwenyth E, Arthur L. Defiant teens. A Clinician’s manual for assessment and family intervention. New York: The Gullford Press; 1999.
    1. Goodman R. The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: a research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1997;38(5):581–586. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x.
    1. Obel C, Dalsgaard S, Stax HP, Bilenberg N. Strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ-Dan). A new instrument for psychopathologic screening of children aged 4-16 years. Ugeskr Laeger. 2003;165(5):462–465.
    1. Ravens-Sieberer U, Gosch A, Rajmil L, Erhart M, Bruil J, Duer W, Auquier P, Power M, Abel T, Czemy L, et al. KIDSCREEN-52 quality-of-life measure for children and adolescents. Expert review of pharmacoeconomics & outcomes research. 2005;5(3):353–364. doi: 10.1586/14737167.5.3.353.
    1. Vogt C, Shameli A. Assessments for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: use of objective measurements. Psychiatrist. 2011;35:380–383. doi: 10.1192/pb.bp.110.032144.
    1. Tabori-Kraft J, Sorensen MJ, Kaergaard M, Dalsgaard S, Thomsen PH. Is OPTAx useful for monitoring the effect of stimulants on hyperactivity and inattention? A brief report. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;16(5):347–351. doi: 10.1007/s00787-006-0571-2.
    1. Brinkmann S, Tanggaard L: Kvalitative metoder. En grundbog., 2. udgave edn. Denmark: Hans Reitzels Forlag; 2015.
    1. Giorgi A. The descriptive phenomenological psychological method. J Phenomenol Psychol. 2012;43(1):3–12. doi: 10.1163/156916212X632934.
    1. Szomlaiski N, Dyrborg J, Rasmussen H, Schumann T, Koch SV, Bilenberg N. Validity and clinical feasibility of the ADHD rating scale (ADHD-RS) a Danish Nationwide multicenter study. Acta Paediatr. 2009;98(2):397–402. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.01025.x.
    1. Barkley RA. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a handbook for diagnosis and treatment. 3. New York: Guilford Press; 2006.
    1. Brock SE, Jimerson SR, Hansen RL: Identifying, assessing, and treating ADHD at school. New York: Springer; 2009.
    1. Scheres A, Tontsch C, Thoeny AL, Sumiya M. Temporal reward discounting in children, adolescents, and emerging adults during an experiential task. Front Psychol. 2014;5

Source: PubMed

Szponzorok és közreműködők

Egészségi állapot

Kábítószer-beavatkozások

3
Iratkozz fel