Impact of Oral Hygiene Discontinuation on Supragingival and Salivary Microbiomes

D Belstrøm, M L Sembler-Møller, M A Grande, N Kirkby, S L Cotton, B J Paster, S Twetman, P Holmstrup, D Belstrøm, M L Sembler-Møller, M A Grande, N Kirkby, S L Cotton, B J Paster, S Twetman, P Holmstrup

Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to characterize and compare supragingival and salivary microbiotas during a 10-d period of oral hygiene discontinuation. We tested the hypothesis that the composition of the salivary microbiota will reflect local microbial changes associated with accumulated biofilm formation and maturation. Pooled supragingival plaque (n = 145) and stimulated saliva (n = 145) samples were collected and plaque and gingival indices were recorded from 29 orally healthy individuals at baseline, during oral hygiene discontinuation (days 4, 7, and 10), and 14 d after resumption of oral hygiene. Supragingival and salivary microbiotas were processed by next-generation sequencing (Human Oral Microbe Identification using Next Generation Sequencing) and microbial community profiles were compared. Microbial composition of supragingival plaque samples collected after 4, 7, and 10 d of oral hygiene discontinuation, as well as 14 d after reuptake of oral hygiene, differed significantly from baseline samples, by a 3-fold increase in relative abundance Leptotrichia species and a 2-fold decrease in Streptococcus species (adjusted P < 0.01). In saliva samples, a significant increase in relative abundance of Leptotrichia species (adjusted P < 0.01) was evident at day 7 but completely reversed 14 d after resumption of oral hygiene. While the salivary microbiota was resistant to accumulated local biofilm formation, data from this study showed that compositional changes of supragingival microbiotas were not reversed 14 d after resumption of oral hygiene, despite the restoration of plaque to baseline levels. (ClinicalTrials.gov UCPH_OI_002, NCT02913235). Knowledge Transfer Statement: Data from this study showed compositional changes of supragingival microbiotas as a consequence of a 10-d period of oral hygiene discontinuation, that was not reversed 14 d after resumption of oral hygiene. Notably, oral hygiene discontinuation was associated with a significant increase in relative abundance of potential cariogenic Leptotrichia species and a decrease in Streptococcus species. Thus, findings from this study highlight the necessity of regular oral hygiene in the maintenance of oral homeostasis.

Keywords: 16S rRNA; bacteria; dental plaque; gingivitis; microbiology; saliva.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the authorship and/or publication of this article.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Genus-level abundance of supragingival microbiota. Mean relative abundance of the 15 predominant bacterial genera in a pooled supragingival sample. Relative abundance in baseline samples (n = 29) was compared to the relative abundance in samples collected at day 4 (n = 29), day 7 (n = 29), and day 10 (n = 29) after discontinuation of oral hygiene and 14 d (n = 29) after reuptake of oral hygiene. *Adjusted P < 0.01, baseline vs. day 4. **Adjusted P < 0.01, baseline vs. day 7. ***Adjusted P < 0.01, baseline vs. day 10. ****Adjusted P < 0.01, baseline vs. day 24.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Principal component analysis of supragingival microbiota. Principal component analysis comparing baseline samples with samples collected at day 4, day 7, day 10, and day 24. The x-axis is expressed as PC1 (26.3%), and y-axis is expressed as PC2 (15.3%). (A) Baseline (blue) vs. day 4 (red). (B) Baseline (blue) vs. day 7 (red). (C) Baseline (blue) vs. day 10. (D) Baseline vs. day 24 (red).
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Genus-level abundance of salivary microbiota. Mean relative abundance of the 15 predominant bacterial genera in saliva samples. Relative abundance in baseline samples (n = 29) was compared to relative abundance in samples collected at day 4 (n = 29), day 7 (n = 29), and day 10 (n = 29) after discontinuation of oral hygiene and 14 d (n = 29) after reuptake of oral hygiene. **Adjusted P < 0.01, baseline vs. day 7.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Principal component analysis of salivary microbiota. Principal component analysis comparing baseline samples with samples collected at day 4, day 7, day 10, and day 24. The x-axis is expressed as PC1 (32.7%), and y-axis is expressed as PC2 (17.5%). (A) Baseline (blue) vs. day 4 (red). (B) Baseline (blue) vs. day 7 (red). (C) Baseline (blue) vs. day 10. (D) Baseline vs. day 24 (red).

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Source: PubMed

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