Radiotherapy for Oligometastatic Lung Cancer

Derek P Bergsma, Joseph K Salama, Deepinder P Singh, Steven J Chmura, Michael T Milano, Derek P Bergsma, Joseph K Salama, Deepinder P Singh, Steven J Chmura, Michael T Milano

Abstract

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) typically presents at an advanced stage, which is often felt to be incurable, and such patients are usually treated with a palliative approach. Accumulating retrospective and prospective clinical evidence, including a recently completed randomized trial, support the existence of an oligometastatic disease state wherein select individuals with advanced NSCLC may experience historically unprecedented prolonged survival with aggressive local treatments, consisting of radiotherapy and/or surgery, to limited sites of metastatic disease. This is reflected in the most recent AJCC staging subcategorizing metastatic disease into intra-thoracic (M1a), a single extra thoracic site (M1b), and more diffuse metastases (M1c). In the field of radiation oncology, recent technological advances have allowed for the delivery of very high, potentially ablative, doses of radiotherapy to both intra- and extra-cranial disease sites, referred to as stereotactic radiosurgery and stereotactic body radiotherapy (or SABR), in much shorter time periods compared to conventional radiation and with minimal associated toxicity. At the same time, significant improvements in systemic therapy, including platinum-based doublet chemotherapy, molecular agents targeting oncogene-addicted NSCLC, and immunotherapy in the form of checkpoint inhibitors, have led to improved control of micro-metastatic disease and extended survival sparking newfound interest in combining these agents with ablative local therapies to provide additive, and in the case of radiation and immunotherapy, potentially synergistic, effects in order to further improve progression-free and overall survival. Currently, despite the tantalizing potential associated with aggressive local therapy in the setting of oligometastatic NSCLC, well-designed prospective randomized controlled trials sufficiently powered to detect and measure the possible added benefit afforded by this approach are desperately needed.

Keywords: lung cancer; non-small cell lung cancer; oligometastases; oligometastatic disease; stereotactic body radiotherapy.

References

    1. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2016. CA Cancer J Clin (2016) 66:7–30.10.3322/caac.21332
    1. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Collaborative Group. Chemotherapy and supportive care versus supportive care alone for advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2010) 5:CD007309.10.1002/14651858.CD007309.pub2
    1. Reck M, Rodriguez-Abreu D, Robinson AG, Hui R, Csoszi T, Fulop A, et al. Pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy for PD-L1-positive non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med (2016) 375:1823–33.10.1056/NEJMoa1606774
    1. Borghaei H, Paz-Ares L, Horn L, Spigel DR, Steins M, Ready NE, et al. Nivolumab versus docetaxel in advanced nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med (2015) 373:1627–39.10.1056/NEJMoa1507643
    1. Zhou C, Wu YL, Chen G, Feng J, Liu XQ, Wang C, et al. Erlotinib versus chemotherapy as first-line treatment for patients with advanced EGFR mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (OPTIMAL, CTONG-0802): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol (2011) 12:735–42.10.1016/S1470-2045(11)70184-X
    1. Chang JY, Senan S, Paul MA, Mehran RJ, Louie AV, Balter P, et al. Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy versus lobectomy for operable stage I non-small-cell lung cancer: a pooled analysis of two randomised trials. Lancet Oncol (2015) 16:630–7.10.1016/S1470-2045(15)70168-3
    1. Timmerman R, Paulus R, Galvin J, Michalski J, Straube W, Bradley J, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy for inoperable early stage lung cancer. JAMA (2010) 303:1070–6.10.1001/jama.2010.261
    1. Milano MT, Katz AW, Zhang H, Okunieff P. Oligometastases treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy: long-term follow-up of prospective study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys (2012) 83:878–86.10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.08.036
    1. Nyman J, Hallqvist A, Lund JA, Brustugun OT, Bergman B, Bergstrom P, et al. SPACE – a randomized study of SBRT vs conventional fractionated radiotherapy in medically inoperable stage I NSCLC. Radiother Oncol (2016) 121:1–8.10.1016/j.radonc.2016.08.015
    1. Fuks Z, Kolesnick R. Engaging the vascular component of the tumor response. Cancer Cell (2005) 8:89–91.10.1016/j.ccr.2005.07.014
    1. Park HJ, Griffin RJ, Hui S, Levitt SH, Song CW. Radiation-induced vascular damage in tumors: implications of vascular damage in ablative hypofractionated radiotherapy (SBRT and SRS). Radiat Res (2012) 177:311–27.10.1667/RR2773.1
    1. Lewis SL, Porceddu S, Nakamura N, Palma DA, Lo SS, Hoskin P, et al. Definitive stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for extracranial oligometastases: an international survey of >1000 radiation oncologists. Am J Clin Oncol (2015) 40:418–22.10.1097/COC.0000000000000169
    1. Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell (2000) 100:57–70.10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81683-9
    1. Hellman S, Weichselbaum RR. Oligometastases. J Clin Oncol (1995) 13:8–10.10.1200/JCO.1995.13.1.8
    1. Fisher B. From Halsted to prevention and beyond: advances in the management of breast cancer during the twentieth century. Eur J Cancer (1999) 35:1963–73.10.1016/S0959-8049(99)00217-8
    1. Halsted WS. I. The results of radical operations for the cure of carcinoma of the breast. Ann Surg (1907) 46:1–19.10.1097/00000658-190707000-00001
    1. Rubin P. Comment: are metastases curable? JAMA (1968) 204:612–3.10.1001/jama.1968.03140200052016
    1. Mehta N, Mauer AM, Hellman S, Haraf DJ, Cohen EE, Vokes EE, et al. Analysis of further disease progression in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: implications for locoregional treatment. Int J Oncol (2004) 25:1677–83.10.3892/ijo.25.6.1677
    1. Rusthoven KE, Hammerman SF, Kavanagh BD, Birtwhistle MJ, Stares M, Camidge DR. Is there a role for consolidative stereotactic body radiation therapy following first-line systemic therapy for metastatic lung cancer? A patterns-of-failure analysis. Acta Oncol (2009) 48:578–83.10.1080/02841860802662722
    1. Kanas GP, Taylor A, Primrose JN, Langeberg WJ, Kelsh MA, Mowat FS, et al. Survival after liver resection in metastatic colorectal cancer: review and meta-analysis of prognostic factors. Clin Epidemiol (2012) 4:283–301.10.2147/CLEP.S34285
    1. Predina JD, Puc MM, Bergey MR, Sonnad SS, Kucharczuk JC, Staddon A, et al. Improved survival after pulmonary metastasectomy for soft tissue sarcoma. J Thorac Oncol (2011) 6:913–9.10.1097/JTO.0b013e3182106f5c
    1. Salama JK, Chmura SJ. The role of surgery and ablative radiotherapy in oligometastatic breast cancer. Semin Oncol (2014) 41:790–7.10.1053/j.seminoncol.2014.09.016
    1. Bergsma DP, Salama JK, Singh DP, Chmura SJ, Milano MT. The evolving role of radiotherapy in treatment of oligometastatic NSCLC. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther (2015) 15:1459–71.10.1586/14737140.2015.1105745
    1. Ashworth AB, Senan S, Palma DA, Riquet M, Ahn YC, Ricardi U, et al. An individual patient data metaanalysis of outcomes and prognostic factors after treatment of oligometastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. Clin Lung Cancer (2014) 15:346–55.10.1016/j.cllc.2014.04.003
    1. Parikh RB, Cronin AM, Kozono DE, Oxnard GR, Mak RH, Jackman DM, et al. Definitive primary therapy in patients presenting with oligometastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys (2014) 89:880–7.10.1016/j.ijrobp.2014.04.007
    1. Yano T, Okamoto T, Haro A, Fukuyama S, Yoshida T, Kohno M, et al. Local treatment of oligometastatic recurrence in patients with resected non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer (2013) 82:431–5.10.1016/j.lungcan.2013.08.006
    1. Torok J, Kelsey C, Salama JK. Patterns of distant metastases in surgically managed early stage non-small cell lung cancer. Paper Presentation, 55th Annual ASTRO Meeting Atlanta, GA (2013). 2013 p.
    1. Albain KS, Crowley JJ, LeBlanc M, Livingston RB. Survival determinants in extensive-stage non-small-cell lung cancer: the Southwest Oncology Group experience. J Clin Oncol (1991) 9:1618–26.10.1200/JCO.1991.9.9.1618
    1. Cheruvu P, Metcalfe SK, Metcalfe J, Chen Y, Okunieff P, Milano MT. Comparison of outcomes in patients with stage III versus limited stage IV non-small cell lung cancer. Radiat Oncol (2011) 6:80.10.1186/1748-717X-6-80
    1. Goldstraw P, Chansky K, Crowley J, Rami-Porta R, Asamura H, Eberhardt WE, et al. The IASLC lung cancer staging project: proposals for revision of the TNM stage groupings in the forthcoming (eighth) edition of the TNM classification for lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol (2016) 11:39–51.10.1016/j.jtho.2015.09.009
    1. Zakaria R, Das K, Bhojak M, Radon M, Walker C, Jenkinson MD. The role of magnetic resonance imaging in the management of brain metastases: diagnosis to prognosis. Cancer Imaging (2014) 14:8.10.1186/1470-7330-14-8
    1. Li J, Xu W, Kong F, Sun X, Zuo X. Meta-analysis: accuracy of 18FDG PET-CT for distant metastasis staging in lung cancer patients. Surg Oncol (2013) 22:151–5.10.1016/j.suronc.2013.04.001
    1. Tonnies S, Tonnies M, Kollmeier J, Bauer TT, Forster GJ, Kaiser D, et al. Impact of preoperative 18F-FDG PET/CT on survival of resected mono-metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer (2016) 93:28–34.10.1016/j.lungcan.2015.12.008
    1. Dinan MA, Curtis LH, Carpenter WR, Biddle AK, Abernethy AP, Patz EF, Jr, et al. Stage migration, selection bias, and survival associated with the adoption of positron emission tomography among medicare beneficiaries with non-small-cell lung cancer, 1998–2003. J Clin Oncol (2012) 30:2725–30.10.1200/JCO.2011.40.4392
    1. Weber WA, Dietlein M, Hellwig D, Kirsch CM, Schicha H, Schwaiger M. [PET with (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose for staging of non-small cell lung cancer]. Nuklearmedizin (2003) 42:135–44.
    1. Palma DA, Salama JK, Lo SS, Senan S, Treasure T, Govindan R, et al. The oligometastatic state – separating truth from wishful thinking. Nat Rev Clin Oncol (2014) 11:549–57.10.1038/nrclinonc.2014.96
    1. Patel PR, Yoo DS, Niibe Y, Urbanic JJ, Salama JK. A call for the aggressive treatment of oligometastatic and oligo-recurrent non-small cell lung cancer. Pulm Med (2012) 2012:480961.10.1155/2012/480961
    1. Camidge DR, Pao W, Sequist LV. Acquired resistance to TKIs in solid tumours: learning from lung cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol (2014) 11:473–81.10.1038/nrclinonc.2014.104
    1. Fleckenstein J, Petroff A, Schafers HJ, Wehler T, Schope J, Rube C. Long-term outcomes in radically treated synchronous vs. metachronous oligometastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. BMC Cancer (2016) 16:348.10.1186/s12885-016-2379-x
    1. Oh Y, Taylor S, Bekele BN, Debnam JM, Allen PK, Suki D, et al. Number of metastatic sites is a strong predictor of survival in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer with or without brain metastases. Cancer (2009) 115:2930–8.10.1002/cncr.24333
    1. Pfannschmidt J, Dienemann H. Surgical treatment of oligometastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer (2010) 69:251–8.10.1016/j.lungcan.2010.05.003
    1. Collaud S, Stahel R, Inci I, Hillinger S, Schneiter D, Kestenholz P, et al. Survival of patients treated surgically for synchronous single-organ metastatic NSCLC and advanced pathologic TN stage. Lung Cancer (2012) 78:234–8.10.1016/j.lungcan.2012.09.011
    1. Congedo MT, Cesario A, Lococo F, De Waure C, Apolone G, Meacci E, et al. Surgery for oligometastatic non-small cell lung cancer: long-term results from a single center experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg (2012) 144:444–52.10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.05.051
    1. Patchell RA, Tibbs PA, Walsh JW, Dempsey RJ, Maruyama Y, Kryscio RJ, et al. A randomized trial of surgery in the treatment of single metastases to the brain. N Engl J Med (1990) 322:494–500.10.1056/NEJM199002223220802
    1. Di Lascio S, Pagani O. Oligometastatic breast cancer: a shift from palliative to potentially curative treatment? Breast Care (Basel) (2014) 9:7–14.10.1159/000358750
    1. Leksell L. The stereotaxic method and radiosurgery of the brain. Acta Chir Scand (1951) 102:316–9.
    1. Sahgal A, Larson D, Knisely J. Stereotactic radiosurgery alone for brain metastases. Lancet Oncol (2015) 16:249–50.10.1016/S1470-2045(14)71106-4
    1. Onishi H, Shirato H, Nagata Y, Hiraoka M, Fujino M, Gomi K, et al. Hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (HypoFXSRT) for stage I non-small cell lung cancer: updated results of 257 patients in a Japanese multi-institutional study. J Thorac Oncol (2007) 2:S94–100.10.1097/JTO.0b013e318074de34
    1. Gomez DR, Blumenschein GR, Jr, Lee JJ, Hernandez M, Ye R, Camidge DR, et al. Local consolidative therapy versus maintenance therapy or observation for patients with oligometastatic non-small-cell lung cancer without progression after first-line systemic therapy: a multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol (2016) 17:1672–82.10.1016/S1470-2045(16)30532-0
    1. Iyengar P, Kavanagh BD, Wardak Z, Smith I, Ahn C, Gerber DE, et al. Phase II trial of stereotactic body radiation therapy combined with erlotinib for patients with limited but progressive metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol (2014) 32:3824–30.10.1200/JCO.2014.56.7412
    1. Collen C, Christian N, Schallier D, Meysman M, Duchateau M, Storme G, et al. Phase II study of stereotactic body radiotherapy to primary tumor and metastatic locations in oligometastatic nonsmall-cell lung cancer patients. Ann Oncol (2014) 25:1954–9.10.1093/annonc/mdu370
    1. De Ruysscher D, Wanders R, van Baardwijk A, Dingemans AM, Reymen B, Houben R, et al. Radical treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer patients with synchronous oligometastases: long-term results of a prospective phase II trial (Nct01282450). J Thorac Oncol (2012) 7:1547–55.10.1097/JTO.0b013e318262caf6
    1. Griffioen GH, Toguri D, Dahele M, Warner A, de Haan PF, Rodrigues GB, et al. Radical treatment of synchronous oligometastatic non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC): patient outcomes and prognostic factors. Lung Cancer (2013) 82:95–102.10.1016/j.lungcan.2013.07.023
    1. Weickhardt AJ, Scheier B, Burke JM, Gan G, Lu X, Bunn PA, Jr, et al. Local ablative therapy of oligoprogressive disease prolongs disease control by tyrosine kinase inhibitors in oncogene-addicted non-small-cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol (2012) 7:1807–14.10.1097/JTO.0b013e3182745948
    1. Hasselle MD, Haraf DJ, Rusthoven KE, Golden DW, Salgia R, Villaflor VM, et al. Hypofractionated image-guided radiation therapy for patients with limited volume metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol (2012) 7:376–81.10.1097/JTO.0b013e31824166a5
    1. Jabbour SK, Daroui P, Moore D, Licitra E, Gabel M, Aisner J. A novel paradigm in the treatment of oligometastatic non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Dis (2011) 3:4–9.10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2010.12.09
    1. Yano T, Haro A, Yoshida T, Morodomi Y, Ito K, Shikada Y, et al. Prognostic impact of local treatment against postoperative oligometastases in non-small cell lung cancer. J Surg Oncol (2010) 102:852–5.10.1002/jso.21750
    1. Khan AJ, Mehta PS, Zusag TW, Bonomi PD, Penfield Faber L, Shott S, et al. Long term disease-free survival resulting from combined modality management of patients presenting with oligometastatic, non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Radiother Oncol (2006) 81:163–7.10.1016/j.radonc.2006.09.006
    1. Schellinger PD, Meinck HM, Thron A. Diagnostic accuracy of MRI compared to CCT in patients with brain metastases. J Neurooncol (1999) 44:275–81.10.1023/A:1006308808769
    1. Mehta MP, Aoyama H, Gondi V. The changing role of whole-brain radiotherapy: demise or time for selective usage? JAMA Oncol (2017) 3:1021–2.10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.5414
    1. Sperduto PW, Kased N, Roberge D, Xu Z, Shanley R, Luo X, et al. Summary report on the graded prognostic assessment: an accurate and facile diagnosis-specific tool to estimate survival for patients with brain metastases. J Clin Oncol (2012) 30:419–25.10.1200/JCO.2011.38.0527
    1. Andrews DW, Scott CB, Sperduto PW, Flanders AE, Gaspar LE, Schell MC, et al. Whole brain radiation therapy with or without stereotactic radiosurgery boost for patients with one to three brain metastases: phase III results of the RTOG 9508 randomised trial. Lancet (2004) 363:1665–72.10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16250-8
    1. Brown PD, Asher AL, Ballman KV, Farace E, Cerhan JH, Anderson SK, et al. NCCTG N0574 (Alliance): a phase III randomized trial of whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) in addition to radiosurgery (SRS) in patients with 1 to 3 brain metastases. J Clin Oncol (2015) 33(15_Suppl):lba4.10.1200/jco.2015.33.15_suppl.lba4
    1. Brown PD, Jaeckle K, Ballman KV, Farace E, Cerhan JH, Anderson SK, et al. Effect of radiosurgery alone vs radiosurgery with whole brain radiation therapy on cognitive function in patients with 1 to 3 brain metastases: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA (2016) 316:401–9.10.1001/jama.2016.9839
    1. Mahajan A, Ahmed S, McAleer MF, Weinberg JS, Li J, Brown P, et al. Post-operative stereotactic radiosurgery versus observation for completely resected brain metastases: a single-centre, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol (2017) 18:1040–8.10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30414-X
    1. Brown PD, Ballman KV, Cerhan JH, Anderson SK, Carrero XW, Whitton AC, et al. Postoperative stereotactic radiosurgery compared with whole brain radiotherapy for resected metastatic brain disease (NCCTG N107C/CEC.3): a multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol (2017) 18:1049–60.10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30441-2
    1. Minniti G, Scaringi C, Paolini S, Lanzetta G, Romano A, Cicone F, et al. Single-fraction versus multifraction (3 x 9 Gy) stereotactic radiosurgery for large (>2 cm) brain metastases: a comparative analysis of local control and risk of radiation-induced brain necrosis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys (2016) 95:1142–8.10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.03.013
    1. Yamamoto M, Serizawa T, Shuto T, Akabane A, Higuchi Y, Kawagishi J, et al. Stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with multiple brain metastases (JLGK0901): a multi-institutional prospective observational study. Lancet Oncol (2014) 15:387–95.10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70061-0
    1. Eberhardt WE, Mitchell A, Crowley J, Kondo H, Kim YT, Turrisi A, III, et al. The IASLC lung cancer staging project: proposals for the revision of the M descriptors in the forthcoming eighth edition of the TNM classification of lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol (2015) 10:1515–22.10.1097/JTO.0000000000000673
    1. Rusthoven KE, Kavanagh BD, Burri SH, Chen C, Cardenes H, Chidel MA, et al. Multi-institutional phase I/II trial of stereotactic body radiation therapy for lung metastases. J Clin Oncol (2009) 27:1579–84.10.1200/JCO.2008.19.6386
    1. De Rose F, Cozzi L, Navarria P, Ascolese AM, Clerici E, Infante M, et al. Clinical outcome of stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy for lung metastatic lesions in non-small cell lung cancer oligometastatic patients. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) (2016) 28:13–20.10.1016/j.clon.2015.08.011
    1. Patel PR, Milano MT, Onaitis MW, Salama JK. Treatment considerations for synchronous primary NSCLC and oligometastatic disease. In: Bogart J, Detterbeck FC, editors. Treatment of High-Risk Early Stage Lung Cancer. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; (2015).
    1. Ehrbar S, Perrin R, Peroni M, Bernatowicz K, Parkel T, Pytko I, et al. Respiratory motion-management in stereotactic body radiation therapy for lung cancer – a dosimetric comparison in an anthropomorphic lung phantom (LuCa). Radiother Oncol (2016) 121:328–34.10.1016/j.radonc.2016.10.011
    1. Almaghrabi MY, Supiot S, Paris F, Mahe MA, Rio E. Stereotactic body radiation therapy for abdominal oligometastases: a biological and clinical review. Radiat Oncol (2012) 7:126.10.1186/1748-717X-7-126
    1. Chong S, Lee KS, Kim HY, Kim YK, Kim BT, Chung MJ, et al. Integrated PET-CT for the characterization of adrenal gland lesions in cancer patients: diagnostic efficacy and interpretation pitfalls. Radiographics (2006) 26:1811–24; discussion 1824–6.10.1148/rg.266065057
    1. Porte H, Siat J, Guibert B, Lepimpec-Barthes F, Jancovici R, Bernard A, et al. Resection of adrenal metastases from non-small cell lung cancer: a multicenter study. Ann Thorac Surg (2001) 71:981–5.10.1016/S0003-4975(00)02509-1
    1. Soffen EM, Solin LJ, Rubenstein JH, Hanks GE. Palliative radiotherapy for symptomatic adrenal metastases. Cancer (1990) 65:1318–20.10.1002/1097-0142(19900315)65:6<1318::AID-CNCR2820650611>;2-H
    1. Chance WW, Nguyen QN, Mehran R, Welsh JW, Gomez DR, Balter P, et al. Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy for adrenal gland metastases: factors influencing outcomes, patterns of failure, and dosimetric thresholds for toxicity. Pract Radiat Oncol (2016) 7:e195–203.10.1016/j.prro.2016.09.005
    1. Casamassima F, Livi L, Masciullo S, Menichelli C, Masi L, Meattini I, et al. Stereotactic radiotherapy for adrenal gland metastases: University of Florence experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys (2012) 82:919–23.10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.11.060
    1. Ippolito E, D’Angelillo RM, Fiore M, Molfese E, Trodella L, Ramella S. SBRT: a viable option for treating adrenal gland metastases. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother (2015) 20(6):484–90.10.1016/j.rpor.2015.05.009
    1. Kagohashi K, Satoh H, Ishikawa H, Ohtsuka M, Sekizawa K. Liver metastasis at the time of initial diagnosis of lung cancer. Med Oncol (2003) 20:25–8.10.1385/MO:20:1:25
    1. Rusthoven KE, Kavanagh BD, Cardenes H, Stieber VW, Burri SH, Feigenberg SJ, et al. Multi-institutional phase I/II trial of stereotactic body radiation therapy for liver metastases. J Clin Oncol (2009) 27:1572–8.10.1200/JCO.2008.19.6329
    1. Goodman BD, Mannina EM, Althouse SK, Maluccio MA, Cardenes HR. Long-term safety and efficacy of stereotactic body radiation therapy for hepatic oligometastases. Pract Radiat Oncol (2016) 6:86–95.10.1016/j.prro.2015.10.011
    1. Ahmed KA, Caudell JJ, El-Haddad G, Berglund AE, Welsh EA, Yue B, et al. Radiosensitivity differences between liver metastases based on primary histology suggest implications for clinical outcomes after stereotactic body radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys (2016) 95:1399–404.10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.03.050
    1. Wu QJ, Thongphiew D, Wang Z, Chankong V, Yin FF. The impact of respiratory motion and treatment technique on stereotactic body radiation therapy for liver cancer. Med Phys (2008) 35:1440–51.10.1118/1.2839095
    1. Agarwala AK, Hanna NH. Long-term survival in a patient with stage IV non-small-cell lung carcinoma after bone metastasectomy. Clin Lung Cancer (2005) 6:367–8.10.3816/CLC.2005.n.017
    1. Ambrogi V, Nofroni I, Tonini G, Mineo TC. Skin metastases in lung cancer: analysis of a 10-year experience. Oncol Rep (2001) 8:57–61.10.3892/or.8.1.57
    1. Gerszten PC, Burton SA, Ozhasoglu C, Welch WC. Radiosurgery for spinal metastases: clinical experience in 500 cases from a single institution. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 32(2007):193–9.10.1097/01.brs.0000251863.76595.a2
    1. Owen D, Laack NN, Mayo CS, Garces YI, Park SS, Bauer HJ, et al. Outcomes and toxicities of stereotactic body radiation therapy for non-spine bone oligometastases. Pract Radiat Oncol (2014) 4:e143–9.10.1016/j.prro.2013.05.006
    1. Flanigan RC, Mickisch G, Sylvester R, Tangen C, Van Poppel H, Crawford ED. Cytoreductive nephrectomy in patients with metastatic renal cancer: a combined analysis. J Urol (2004) 171:1071–6.10.1097/
    1. Perez CA, Pajak TF, Rubin P, Simpson JR, Mohiuddin M, Brady LW, et al. Long-term observations of the patterns of failure in patients with unresectable non-oat cell carcinoma of the lung treated with definitive radiotherapy. Report by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group. Cancer (1987) 59:1874–81.10.1002/1097-0142(19870601)59:11<1874::AID-CNCR2820591106>;2-Z
    1. Koshy M, Malik R, Mahmood U, Rusthoven CG, Sher DJ. Comparative effectiveness of aggressive thoracic radiation therapy and concurrent chemoradiation therapy in metastatic lung cancer. Pract Radiat Oncol (2015) 5:374–82.10.1016/j.prro.2015.07.009
    1. Stevens R, Macbeth F, Toy E, Coles B, Lester JF. Palliative radiotherapy regimens for patients with thoracic symptoms from non-small cell lung cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2015) 1:CD002143.10.1002/14651858.CD002143.pub4
    1. Li D, Zhu X, Wang H, Qiu M, Li N. Should aggressive thoracic therapy be performed in patients with synchronous oligometastatic non-small cell lung cancer? A meta-analysis. J Thorac Dis (2017) 9:310–7.10.21037/jtd.2017.02.21
    1. Li T, Lv J, Liu L, Song Y, Li C, Wang J. A phase II prospective study of definitive thoracic concurrent chemoradiation followed by consolidation chemotherapy for oligometastatic non-small cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol (2015) 33(15_suppl):e19008.10.1200/jco.2015.33.15_suppl.e19008
    1. Gray PJ, Mak RH, Yeap BY, Cryer SK, Pinnell NE, Christianson LW, et al. Aggressive therapy for patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma and synchronous brain-only oligometastatic disease is associated with long-term survival. Lung Cancer (2014) 85:239–44.10.1016/j.lungcan.2014.06.001
    1. Xanthopoulos EP, Handorf E, Simone CB, II, Grover S, Fernandes AT, Sharma S, et al. Definitive dose thoracic radiation therapy in oligometastatic non-small cell lung cancer: a hypothesis-generating study. Pract Radiat Oncol (2015) 5:e355–63.10.1016/j.prro.2014.11.006
    1. Hotta K, Matsuo K, Ueoka H, Kiura K, Tabata M, Tanimoto M. Role of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with resected non-small-cell lung cancer: reappraisal with a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Oncol (2004) 22:3860–7.10.1200/JCO.2004.02.109
    1. Cheung P. Stereotactic body radiotherapy for oligoprogressive cancer. Br J Radiol (2016) 89:20160251.10.1259/bjr.20160251
    1. Golden EB, Chhabra A, Chachoua A, Adams S, Donach M, Fenton-Kerimian M, et al. Local radiotherapy and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulatingfactor to generate abscopal responses in patients with metastatic solid tumours: a proof-of-principle trial. Lancet Oncol (2015) 16:795–803.10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00054-6
    1. Shaverdian N, Lisberg AE, Bornazyan K, Veruttipong D, Goldman JW, Formenti SC, et al. Previous radiotherapy and the clinical activity and toxicity of pembrolizumab in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer: a secondary analysis of the KEYNOTE-001 phase 1 trial. Lancet Oncol (2017) 18(7):895–903.10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30380-7
    1. Kroeze SG, Fritz C, Hoyer M, Lo SS, Ricardi U, Sahgal A, et al. Toxicity of concurrent stereotactic radiotherapy and targeted therapy or immunotherapy: a systematic review. Cancer Treat Rev (2017) 53:25–37.10.1016/j.ctrv.2016.11.013
    1. Bang A, Wilhite TJ, Pike LRG, Cagney DN, Aizer AA, Taylor A, et al. Multicenter evaluation of the tolerability of combined treatment with PD-1 and CTLA-4 immune checkpoint inhibitors and palliative radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys (2017) 98:344–51.10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.02.003
    1. Tang C, Liao Z, Gomez D, Levy L, Zhuang Y, Gebremichael RA, et al. Lymphopenia association with gross tumor volume and lung V5 and its effects on non-small cell lung cancer patient outcomes. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys (2014) 89:1084–91.10.1016/j.ijrobp.2014.04.025
    1. Clarke JM, Wang X, Ready NE. Surrogate clinical endpoints to predict overall survival in non-small cell lung cancer trials – are we in a new era? Transl Lung Cancer Res (2015) 4:804–8.10.3978/j.issn.2218-6751.2015.05.03
    1. Salama JK, Hasselle MD, Chmura SJ, Malik R, Mehta N, Yenice KM, et al. Stereotactic body radiotherapy for multisite extracranial oligometastases: final report of a dose escalation trial in patients with 1 to 5 sites of metastatic disease. Cancer (2012) 118:2962–70.10.1002/cncr.26611
    1. Wong AC, Watson SP, Pitroda SP, Son CH, Das LC, Stack ME, et al. Clinical and molecular markers of long-term survival after oligometastasis-directed stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). Cancer (2016) 122:2242–50.10.1002/cncr.30058
    1. Eke I, Makinde AY, Aryankalayil MJ, Ahmed MM, Coleman CN. Comprehensive molecular tumor profiling in radiation oncology: how it could be used for precision medicine. Cancer Lett (2016) 382:118–26.10.1016/j.canlet.2016.01.041
    1. Daly ME, Monjazeb AM, Kelly K. Clinical trials integrating immunotherapy and radiation for non-small-cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol (2015) 10:1685–93.10.1097/JTO.0000000000000686
    1. Aggarwal A, Hughes S. Palliative radiotherapy: evolving role and policy challenges. J Cancer Policy (2016) 10:21–9.10.1016/j.jcpo.2016.05.003
    1. Kent EE, Forsythe LP, Yabroff KR, Weaver KE, de Moor JS, Rodriguez JL, et al. Are survivors who report cancer-related financial problems more likely to forgo or delay medical care? Cancer (2013) 119:3710–7.10.1002/cncr.28262

Source: PubMed

Szponzorok és közreműködők

Egészségi állapot

Kábítószer-beavatkozások

3
Iratkozz fel