Assessment of a conceptually informed measure of emotion dysregulation: Evidence of construct validity vis a vis impulsivity and internalizing symptoms in adolescents with ADHD

W John Monopoli, Steven W Evans, Kari Benson, Nicholas P Allan, Julie Sarno Owens, George J DuPaul, Nóra Bunford, W John Monopoli, Steven W Evans, Kari Benson, Nicholas P Allan, Julie Sarno Owens, George J DuPaul, Nóra Bunford

Abstract

Objectives: Despite advances in understanding associations among attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), emotion dysregulation (ED), and related outcomes, there is incongruity between ADHD-relevant conceptualizations of ED and available measures of ED. To assess the psychometric properties of a parent-report questionnaire of ED conceptualized as deficits in the ability to modulate the (a) speed/degree of emotion escalation; (b) expression intensity; and (c) speed/degree of de-escalation.

Methods: Participants were 209 adolescents with ADHD (78% male; 13.5-17.8 years old [M = 15.2 SD = 0.91]). Questionnaire items were selected from parent-report scales of ED and oppositional defiant disorder and subjected to exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and validity analyses.

Results: The EFA revealed two factors, with speed/degree of escalation combined with intensity as factor one, and speed/degree of de-escalation as factor two. Factor one scores were related to ADHD impulsivity symptoms but not to anxiety and depression symptoms and they remained predictors of impulsivity even in the presence of self-report ED, evincing convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity. Factor two scores were related to anxiety and depression but not impulsivity, evincing convergent and discriminant validity.

Conclusion: These results inform our understanding of ADHD-relevant ED in adolescence and offer avenues for future research in measurement development, as well as for understanding ED and ADHD-related impairment.

Keywords: ADHD; adolescence; emotion dysregulation; psychometrics; validity.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

© 2020 The Authors. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

References

    1. Adrian, M. , Zeman, J. , Erdley, C. , Lisa, L. , Homan, K. , & Sim, L. (2009). Social contextual links to emotion regulation in an adolescent psychiatric inpatient population: Do gender and symptomatology matter? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 1428–1436. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02162.x
    1. Anastopoulos, A. D. , Smith, T. F. , Garrett, M. E. , Morrissey‐Kane, E. , Schatz, N. K. , Sommer, J. L. , … Ashley‐Koch, A. (2011). Self‐regulation of emotion, functional impairment, and comorbidity among children with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 15, 583–592.
    1. Banaschewski, T. , Jennen‐Steinmetz, C. , Brandeis, D. , Buitelaar, J. K. , Kuntsi, J. , Poustka, L. , … Asherson, P. (2012). Neuropsychological correlates of emotional lability in children with ADHD. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 53, 1139–1148. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02596.x
    1. Bari, A. , & Robbins, T. W. (2013). Inhibition and impulsivity: Behavioral and neural basis of response control. Progress in Neurobiology, 108, 44–79.
    1. Barkley, R. A. (1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 65–94.
    1. Barkley, R. A. (2010). Deficient emotional self‐regulation: A core component of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of ADHD & Related Disorders, 1, 5–37.
    1. Barkley, R. A. , Anastopoulos, A. D. , Guevremont, D. C. , & Fletcher, K. E. (1992). Adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Mother‐adolescent interactions, family beliefs and conflicts, and maternal psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 20, 263–288. 10.1007/BF00916692
    1. Beck, J. S. , Beck, A. T. , Jolly, J. B. , & Steer, R. (2005). Manual for the Beck youth inventories of emotional and social impairment (2nd ed.). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
    1. Benajmini, Y. , & Hochberg, Y. (1995). Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 57, 289–300.
    1. Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guildford Press.
    1. Bunford, N. , Brandt, N. E. , Golden, C. , Dykstra, J. B. , Suhr, J. A. , & Owens, J. S. (2015). Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms mediate the association between deficits in executive functioning and social impairment in children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43, 133–147. 10.1007/s10802-014-9902-9
    1. Bunford, N. , Dawson, A. E. , Evans, S. W. , Ray, A. R. , Langberg, J. M. , Owens, J. S. , … Allan, D.M. (2018). The difficulties in emotion regulation scale‐parent report: A psychometric investigation examining adolescents with and without ADHD. Assessment. 10.1177/1073191118792307
    1. Bunford, N. , & Evans, S. W. (2017). Emotion regulation and social functioning in adolescence: Conceptualization and treatment In Harrison J. R., Schultz B. K., & Evans S. W. (Eds.), School mental health Services for Adolescents (1st ed., pp. 161–181). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    1. Bunford, N. , Evans, S. W. , Becker, S. P. , & Langberg, J. M. (2015). Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder and social skills in youth: A moderated mediation model of emotion dysregulation and depression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43, 283–296. 10.1007/s10802-014-9909-2
    1. Bunford, N. , Evans, S. W. , & Langberg, J. M. (2018). Emotion dysregulation is associated with social impairment among young adolescents with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 22, 66–82. 10.1177/1087054714527793
    1. Bunford, N. , Evans, S. W. , & Wymbs, F. (2015). ADHD and emotion dysregulation among children and adolescents. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 18, 185–217. 10.1007/s10567-015-0187-5
    1. Bunford, N. , Evans, S.W. , Zoccola, P. , & Rybak, T. (2013). Validating a frustration task to assess emotion dysregulation in adolescents with ADHD. Poster presented at the International Society for Research in child and adolescent psychopathology, Leuven, Belgium.
    1. Bunford, N. , Evans, S. W. , Zoccola, P. M. P. M. , Owens, J. S. J. S. , Flory, K. , & Spiel, C. F. F. (2017). Correspondence between heart rate variability and emotion dysregulation in children, including children with ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 45, 1325–1337. 10.1007/s10802-016-0257-2
    1. Bunford, N. , Kujawa, A. , Fitzgerald, K. D. , Monk, C. S. , & Phan, K. L. (2018). Convergence of BOLD and ERP measures of neural reactivity to emotional faces in children and adolescents with and without anxiety disorders. Biological Psychology, 134, 9–19. 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.02.006
    1. Bunford, N. , Wymbs, B. T. , Dawson, A. E. , & Shorey, R. C. (2017). Childhood maltreatment, emotional lability, and alcohol problems in young adults at‐risk for ADHD: Testing moderation and moderated moderation. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 49, 316–325. 10.1080/02791072.2017.1325031
    1. Capaldi, D. M. , & Rothbart, M. K. (1992). Development and validation of an early adolescent temperament measure. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 12, 153–173. 10.1177/0272431692012002002
    1. Caye, A. , Spadini, A. V. , Karam, R. G. , Grevet, E. H. , Rovaris, D. L. , Bau, C. H. D. , Rohde, L. A. , & Kieling, C. (2016). Predictors of persistence of ADHD into adulthood: A systematic review of the literature and meta‐analysis. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 25, 1151–1159. 10.1007/s00787-016-0831-8
    1. Cole, P. M. , Marin, S. E. , & Dennis, T. A. (2004). Emotion regulation as a scientific construct: Methodological challenges for child development research. Child Development, 75, 317–333. 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00673.x
    1. Curran, P. J. , West, S. G. , & Finch, J. F. (1996). The robustness of test statistics to non normality and specification error in confirmatory factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 1, 16–29.
    1. Dan‐Glauser, E. S. , & Gross, J. J. (2011). The temporal dynamics of two response‐focused forms of emotion regulation: Experiential, expressive, and autonomic consequences. Psychophysiology, 48, 1309–1322.
    1. DuPaul, G. J. , Reid, R. , Anastopoulos, A. D. , Lambert, M. C. , Watkins, M. W. , & Power, T. J. (2016). Parent and teacher ratings of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms: Factor structure and normative data. Psychological Assessment, 28, 214–225. 10.1037/pas0000166
    1. Evans, S. W. , Owens, J. S. , Wymbs, B. T. , & Ray, A. R. (2018). Evidence‐based psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 47, 157–198.
    1. Fabrigar, L. R. , Wegener, D. T. , MacCallum, R. C. , & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4, 272–299. 10.1037/1082-989X.4.3.272
    1. Factor, P. I. , Reyes, R. A. , & Rosen, P. J. (2014). Emotional impulsivity in children with ADHD associated with comorbid ‐ not ADHD ‐ symptomatology. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 36, 530–541. 10.1007/s10862-014-9428-z
    1. Fischer, M. , Barkley, R. A. , Smallish, L. , & Fletcher, K. (2007). Hyperactive children as young adults: Driving abilities, safe driving behavior, and adverse driving outcomes. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 39, 94–105. 10.1016/j.aap.2006.06.008
    1. Galanter, C. A. , Carlson, G. A. , Jensen, P. S. , Greenhill, L. L. , Davies, M. , Li, W. , & Hechtman, L. (2003). Response to methylphenidate in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder and manic symptoms in the multimodal treatment study of children with ADHD titration trial. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 13, 123–136.
    1. Gershon, J. , (2002). A meta‐analytic review of gender differences in ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 5(3), 143–154.
    1. Gottman, J. M. , & Katz, L. F. (1989). Effects of marital discord on young children's peer interaction and health. Developmental Psychology, 25, 373–381.
    1. Gratz, K. L. , & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41–54. 10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94
    1. Graziano, P. , & Garcia, A. (2016). Attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder and children's emotion dysregulation: A meta‐analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 46, 106–123. 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.04.011
    1. Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2, 271–299. 10.1017/S0048577201393198
    1. Gross, J. J. (1999). Emotion regulation: Past, present, future. Cognition & Emotion, 13, 551–573. 10.1080/026999399379186
    1. Haden, S. C. , & Shiva, A. (2009). A comparison of factor structures of the Barratt impulsiveness scale in a mentally ill forensic inpatient sample. The International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 8, 198–207.
    1. Harvey, P. D. , Greenberg, B. R. , & Serper, M. R. (1989). The affective lability scales: Development, reliability, and validity. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45, 786–793.
    1. Henker, B. , & Whalen, C. K. (1989). Hyperactivity and attention deficits. American Psychologist, 44, 216–223. 10.1037/0003-066X.44.2.216
    1. Holroyd, C. B. , & Coles, M. G. H. (2002). The neural basis of human error processing: Reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error‐related negativity. Psychological Review, 109, 679–709. 10.1037/0033-295X.109.4.679
    1. Horn, J. L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30, 179–185. 10.1007/BF02289447
    1. Hu, L. , & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 403–410.
    1. Hunsley, J. , & Mash, E. J. (2007). Evidence‐based assessment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 3, 29–51.
    1. Kaiser, H. F. (1960). Some necessary and sufficient conditions for common factor analysis. Psychometrika, 19, 149–161.
    1. Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
    1. Kraemer, H. C. , Measelle, J. R. , Ablow, J. C. , Essex, M. J. , Boyce, W. T. , & Kupfer, D. J. (2003). A new approach to integrating data from multiple informants in psychiatric assessment and research: Mixing and matching contexts and perspectives. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 156–1577.
    1. Landau, S. , & Moore, L. a. (1991). Social skill deficits in children with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder. School Psychology Review, 20, 235–251.
    1. Lee, C. , Milich, R. , Lorch, E. P. , Flory, K. , Owens, J. S. , Lamont, A. E. , & Evans, S. W. (2017). Forming first impressions of children: The role of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and emotion dysregulation. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59, 556–564.
    1. Leys, C. , Ley, C. , Klein, O. , Bernard, P. , & Licata, L. (2013). Detecting outliers: Do not use standard deviation around the mean, use absolute deviation around the median. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49, 764–766. 10.1016/j.jesp.2013.03.013
    1. Linehan, M. M. (1993). Skills training manual for treating borderline personality disorder. Skills training manual for treating borderline personality disorder. Retrieved from
    1. Lineman, M. M. , Bohus, M. , & Lynch, T. R. (2007). Dialectical behavior therapy for pervasive emotion dysregulation: Theoretical and practical underpinnings In Gross J. J. (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 581–605). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
    1. Logan, G. D. , Schachar, R. J. , & Tannock, R. (1997). Impulsivity and inhibitory control. Psychological Science, 8, 60–64. 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00545.x
    1. MacDermott, S. T. , Gullone, E. , Allen, J. S. , King, N. J. , & Tonge, B. (2010). The emotion regulation index for children and adolescents (ERICA): A psychometric investigation. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 32, 301–314.
    1. MacKillop, J. , Weafer, J. , Gray, J. , Oshri, A. , Palmer, A. , & Wit, H. (2016). The latent structure of impulsivity: Impulsive choice, impulsive action, and impulsive personality traits. Psychopharmacology, 233, 3361–3370.
    1. Maedgen, J. W. , & Carlson, C. L. (2000). Social functioning and emotional regulation in the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder subtypes. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29, 30–42. 10.1207/S15374424jccp2901_4
    1. Mahone, E. M. , Cirino, P. T. , Cutting, L. E. , Cerrone, P. M. , Hagelthorn, K. M. , Hiemenz, J. R. , … Denckla, M. B. (2002). Validity of the behavior rating inventory of executive function in children with ADHD and/or Tourette syndrome. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 17, 643–662. 10.1016/S0887-6177(01)00168-8
    1. Mash, E. J. , & Hunsley, J. (2005). Evidence‐based assessment of child and adolescent disorders: Issues and challenges. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 34, 362–379. 10.1207/s15374424jccp3403
    1. Melnick, S. M. , & Hinshaw, S. P. (2000). Emotion regulation and parenting in AD/HD and comparison boys: Linkages with social behaviors and peer preference. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28, 73–86.
    1. Miller, G. A. (1999). The Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory (SASSI) Manual (Second Edition). Springville, IN: The SASSI Institute.
    1. Miller, J. (1991). Short report: Reaction time analysis with outlier exclusion: Bias varies with sample size. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A: Human Experimental Psychology, 43A, 907–912. 10.1080/14640749108400962
    1. Mitchell, J. T. , Van Voorhees, E. E. , Dennis, M. F. , McClernon, F. J. , Calhoun, P. S. , Rollins, S. H. , & Beckham, J. C. (2012). Assessing the role of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in smokers with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 14(8), 986–992. 10.1093/ntr/ntr245
    1. Musser, E. D. , Backs, R. W. , Schmitt, C. F. , Ablow, J. C. , Measelle, J. R. , & Nigg, J. T. (2011). Emotion regulation via the autonomic nervous system in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39, 841–852.
    1. Muthen, L. K. , & Muthen, B. O. (2017). MPlus user's guide (5th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthen & Muthen.
    1. Nolen‐Hoeksema, S. , Gilbert, K. , & Hilt, L.M. (2015). Rumination and self‐regulation in adolescence. In G. Oettingen & P. M. Gollwitzer (Eds.), Self‐regulation in adolescence. (pp. 311–331). Cambridge University Press; 10.1017/CBO9781139565790.015
    1. Ochsner, K. N. , Ray, R. R. , Hughes, B. , McRae, K. , Cooper, J. C. , Weber, J. , … Gross, J. J. (2009). Bottom‐up and top‐down processes in emotion generation: Common and distinct neural mechanisms. Psychological Science, 20, 1322–1331.
    1. Osborne, J. W. , & Costello, A. B. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 10, 1–9.
    1. Patton, J. H. , Stanford, M. S. , & Barratt, E. S. (1995). Factor structure of the barratt impulsiveness scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51, 768–774.
    1. Pelham, W. , Gnagy, E. M. , Greenslade, K. E. , & Milich, R. (1992). Teacher ratings of DSM‐III‐R symptoms for the disruptive behavior disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 210–218. 10.1097/00004583-199203000-00006
    1. Phillips, M. L. , Drevets, W. C. , Rauch, S. L. , & Lane, R. (2003a). Neurobiology of emotion perception I: The neural basis of normal emotion perception. Biological Psychiatry, 54, 504–514.
    1. Phillips, M. L. , Drevets, W. C. , Rauch, S. L. , & Lane, R. (2003b). Neurobiology of emotion perception II: Implications for major psychiatric disorders. Biological Psychiatry, 54, 515–528.
    1. Polanczyk, G. V. , Willcutt, E. G. , Salum, G. A. , Kieling, C. , & Rohde, L. A. (2014). ADHD prevalence estimates across three decades: An updated systematic review and meta‐regression analysis. International Journal of Epidemiology, 43, 434–442. 10.1093/ije/dyt261
    1. Reise, S. P. , Moore, T. M. , Sabb, F. W. , Brown, A. K. , & London, E. D. (2013). The Barratt impulsiveness scale–11: Reassessment of its structure in a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 25, 631–642.
    1. Reynolds, W. M. (2002). Reynolds adolescent depression scale (2nd ed.). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
    1. Richter, S. H. , Schick, A. , Hoyer, C. , Lankisch, K. , Gass, P. , & Vollmayr, B. (2012). A glass full of optimism: Enrichment effects on cognitive bias in a rat model of depression. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 12, 527–542. 10.3758/s13415-012-0101-2
    1. Rosen, P. J. , & Epstein, J. N. (2010). A pilot study of ecological momentary assessment of emotion dysregulation in children. Journal of ADHD & Related Disorders, 1, 39–52.
    1. Rosen, P. J. , Epstein, J. N. , & Van Orden, G. (2013). I know it when I quantify it: Ecological momentary assessment and recurrence quantification analysis of emotion dysregulation in children with ADHD. ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, 5, 283–294.
    1. Rosen, P. J. , & Factor, P. I. (2015). Emotional impulsivity and emotional and behavioral difficulties among children with ADHD: An ecological momentary assessment study. Journal of Attention Disorders, 19, 779–793. 10.1177/1087054712463064
    1. Rothbart, M. , & Derryberry, D. (1981). Development of individual differences in temperament. Advances in Developmental Psychology, 1, 37–86.
    1. Seymour, K. E. , Chronis‐Tuscano, A. , Halldorsdottir, T. , Stupica, B. , Owens, K. , & Sacks, T. (2012). Emotion regulation mediates the relationship between ADHD and depressive symptoms in youth. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 595–606. 10.1007/s10802-011-9593-4
    1. Seymour, K. E. , Chronis‐Tuscano, A. , Iwamoto, D. K. , Kurdziel, G. , & MacPherson, L. (2014). Emotion regulation mediates the association between ADHD and depressive symptoms in a community sample of youth. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42, 611–621. 10.1007/s10802-013-9799-8
    1. Shaw, P. , Stringaris, A. , Nigg, J. , & Leibenluft, E. (2015). Emotional dysregulation and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Focus, 14, 127–144.
    1. Shushakova, A. , Ohrmann, P. , & Pedersen, A. (2017). Exploring deficient emotion regulation in adult ADHD: Electrophysiological evidence. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 268, 359–371. 10.1007/s00406-017-0826-6
    1. Silk, J. S. , Steinberg, L. , & Morris, A. (2003). Adolescents' emotion regulation in daily life: Links to depressive symptoms and problem behavior. Child Development, 74, 1869–1880.
    1. Silverman, W. K. , & Ollendick, T. H. (2005). Evidence‐based assessment of anxiety and its disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34, 380–411.
    1. Skirrow, C. , McLoughlin, G. , Kuntsi, J. , & Asherson, P. (2009). Behavioral, neurocognitive and treatment overlap between attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder and mood instability. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 9, 489–503.
    1. Sonuga‐Barke, E. J. S. (2002). Psychological heterogeneity in AD/HD ‐ a dual pathway model of behaviour and cognition. Behavioural Brain Research, 10, 29–36.
    1. Sonuga‐Barke, E. J. S. (2003). The dual pathway model of ADHD: An elaboration of neuro‐developmental characteristics. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 27, 593–604. 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.08.005
    1. Tabachnick, B. G. , & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon/Pearson Education.
    1. Thompson, R. A. (1994). Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59, 25–52. 10.2307/1166137
    1. Van Eck, K. , Finney, S. J. , & Evans, S. W. (2010). Parent report of ADHD symptoms of early adolescents: A confirmatory factor analysis of the disruptive behavior disorders scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 70, 1042–1059. 10.1177/0013164410378093
    1. Vasconcelos, A. G. , Malloy‐Diniz, L. , & Correa, H. (2012). Systematic review of psychometric proprieties of Barratt impulsiveness scale version 11 (BIS‐11). Clinical Neuropsychiatry: Journal of Treatment Evaluation, 9, 61–74.
    1. Vasilev, C. A. , Crowell, S. E. , Beauchaine, T. P. , Mead, H. K. , & Gatzke‐Kopp, L. M. (2009). Correspondence between physiological and self‐report measures of emotion dysregulation: A longitudinal investigation of youth with and without psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 1357–1364.
    1. Velicer, W. F. , & Fava, J. L. (1998). Affects of variable and subject sampling on factor pattern recovery. Psychological Methods, 3, 231–251. 10.1037/1082-989X.3.2.231
    1. Waxmonsky, J. , Pelham, W. E. , Gnagy, E. , Cummings, M. R. , O'Connor, B. , Majumdar, A. , & Fabiano, G. A. (2008). The efficacy and tolerability of methylphenidate and behavior modification in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder and severe mood dysregulation. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 18, 573–588.
    1. Wechsler, D. (2011). Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence‐Second Edition (WASI‐II). San Antonio, TX: NCS Pearson;
    1. Wechsler, D. (2011). Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence–Second Edition (WASI‐II). San Antonio, TX: NCS Pearson.Weinberg, A. , & Klonsky, E. D. (2009). Measurement of emotion dysregulation in adolescents. Psychological Assessment, 21, 616–621.
    1. Weiss, N. H. , Tull, M. T. , Viana, A. G. , Anestis, M. D. , & Gratz, K. L. (2012). Impulsive behaviors as an emotion regulation strategy: Examining associations between PTSD, emotion dysregulation, and impulsive behaviors among substance dependent inpatients. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26, 453–458. 10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.01.007
    1. Weller, E. B. , Weller, R. A. , Rooney, M. T. , & Fristad, M. A. (1999). Children's Interview for Psychiatric Syndomes—Parent Version (P‐ChIPS). American Psychiatric Association.
    1. Wells, E. L. , Day, T. N. , Harmon, S. L. , Groves, N. B. , & Kofler, M. J. (2018). Are emotion recognition abilities intact in pediatric ADHD? Emotion, 19, 1192–1205.

Source: PubMed

Szponzorok és közreműködők

Egészségi állapot

Kábítószer-beavatkozások

3
Iratkozz fel