Correlates of Total Sedentary Time and Screen Time in 9-11 Year-Old Children around the World: The International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment

Allana G LeBlanc, Peter T Katzmarzyk, Tiago V Barreira, Stephanie T Broyles, Jean-Philippe Chaput, Timothy S Church, Mikael Fogelholm, Deirdre M Harrington, Gang Hu, Rebecca Kuriyan, Anura Kurpad, Estelle V Lambert, Carol Maher, José Maia, Victor Matsudo, Timothy Olds, Vincent Onywera, Olga L Sarmiento, Martyn Standage, Catrine Tudor-Locke, Pei Zhao, Mark S Tremblay, ISCOLE Research Group, Peter T Katzmarzyk, Timothy S Church, Denise G Lambert, Tiago Barreira, Stephanie Broyles, Ben Butitta, Catherine Champagne, Shannon Cocreham, Kara Dentro, Katy Drazba, Deirdre Harrington, William Johnson, Dione Milauskas, Emily Mire, Allison Tohme, Ruben Rodarte, Bobby Amoroso, John Luopa, Rebecca Neiberg, Scott Rushing, Timothy Olds, Carol Maher, Lucy Lewis, Katia Ferrar, Effie Georgiadis, Rebecca Stanley, Victor Keihan Rodrigues Matsudo, Sandra Matsudo, Timoteo Araujo, Luis Carlos de Oliveira, Leandro Rezende, Luis Fabiano, Diogo Bezerra, Gerson Ferrari, Mark S Tremblay, Jean-Philippe Chaput, Priscilla Bélanger, Mike Borghese, Charles Boyer, Allana LeBlanc, Claire Francis, Geneviève Leduc, Pei Zhao, Gang Hu, Chengming Diao, Wei Li, Weiqin Li, Enqing Liu, Gongshu Liu, Hongyan Liu, Jian Ma, Yijuan Qiao, Huiguang Tian, Yue Wang, Tao Zhang, Fuxia Zhang, Olga Sarmiento, Julio Acosta, Yalta Alvira, Maria Paula Diaz, Rocio Gamez, Maria Paula Garcia, Luis Guillermo Gómez, Lisseth Gonzalez, Silvia Gonzalez, Carlos Grijalba, Leidys Gutierrez, David Leal, Nicolas Lemus, Etelvina Mahecha, Maria Paula Mahecha, Rosalba Mahecha, Andrea Ramirez, Paola Rios, Andres Suarez, Camilo Triana, Mikael Fogelholm, Elli Hovi, Jemina Kivelä, Sari Räsänen, Sanna Roito, Taru Saloheimo, Leena Valta, Anura Kurpad, Rebecca Kuriyan, Deepa P Lokesh, Michelle Stephanie D'Almeida, Annie Mattilda R, Lygia Correa, Vijay D, Vincent Onywera, Mark S Tremblay, Lucy-Joy Wachira, Stella Muthuri, Jose Maia, Alessandra da Silva Borges, Sofia Oliveira Sá Cachada, Raquel Nichele de Chaves, Thayse Natacha Queiroz Ferreira Gomes, Sara Isabel Sampaio Pereira, Daniel Monteiro de Vilhena e Santos, Fernanda Karina dos Santos, Pedro Gil Rodrigues da Silva, Michele Caroline de Souza, Vicki Lambert, Matthew April, Monika Uys, Nirmala Naidoo, Nandi Synyanya, Madelaine Carstens, Martyn Standage, Sean Cumming, Clemens Drenowatz, Lydia Emm, Fiona Gillison, Julia Zakrzewski, Catrine Tudor-Locke, Ashley Braud, Sheletta Donatto, Corbin Lemon, Ana Jackson, Ashunti Pearson, Gina Pennington, Daniel Ragus, Ryan Roubion, John Schuna Jr, Derek Wiltz, Allana G LeBlanc, Peter T Katzmarzyk, Tiago V Barreira, Stephanie T Broyles, Jean-Philippe Chaput, Timothy S Church, Mikael Fogelholm, Deirdre M Harrington, Gang Hu, Rebecca Kuriyan, Anura Kurpad, Estelle V Lambert, Carol Maher, José Maia, Victor Matsudo, Timothy Olds, Vincent Onywera, Olga L Sarmiento, Martyn Standage, Catrine Tudor-Locke, Pei Zhao, Mark S Tremblay, ISCOLE Research Group, Peter T Katzmarzyk, Timothy S Church, Denise G Lambert, Tiago Barreira, Stephanie Broyles, Ben Butitta, Catherine Champagne, Shannon Cocreham, Kara Dentro, Katy Drazba, Deirdre Harrington, William Johnson, Dione Milauskas, Emily Mire, Allison Tohme, Ruben Rodarte, Bobby Amoroso, John Luopa, Rebecca Neiberg, Scott Rushing, Timothy Olds, Carol Maher, Lucy Lewis, Katia Ferrar, Effie Georgiadis, Rebecca Stanley, Victor Keihan Rodrigues Matsudo, Sandra Matsudo, Timoteo Araujo, Luis Carlos de Oliveira, Leandro Rezende, Luis Fabiano, Diogo Bezerra, Gerson Ferrari, Mark S Tremblay, Jean-Philippe Chaput, Priscilla Bélanger, Mike Borghese, Charles Boyer, Allana LeBlanc, Claire Francis, Geneviève Leduc, Pei Zhao, Gang Hu, Chengming Diao, Wei Li, Weiqin Li, Enqing Liu, Gongshu Liu, Hongyan Liu, Jian Ma, Yijuan Qiao, Huiguang Tian, Yue Wang, Tao Zhang, Fuxia Zhang, Olga Sarmiento, Julio Acosta, Yalta Alvira, Maria Paula Diaz, Rocio Gamez, Maria Paula Garcia, Luis Guillermo Gómez, Lisseth Gonzalez, Silvia Gonzalez, Carlos Grijalba, Leidys Gutierrez, David Leal, Nicolas Lemus, Etelvina Mahecha, Maria Paula Mahecha, Rosalba Mahecha, Andrea Ramirez, Paola Rios, Andres Suarez, Camilo Triana, Mikael Fogelholm, Elli Hovi, Jemina Kivelä, Sari Räsänen, Sanna Roito, Taru Saloheimo, Leena Valta, Anura Kurpad, Rebecca Kuriyan, Deepa P Lokesh, Michelle Stephanie D'Almeida, Annie Mattilda R, Lygia Correa, Vijay D, Vincent Onywera, Mark S Tremblay, Lucy-Joy Wachira, Stella Muthuri, Jose Maia, Alessandra da Silva Borges, Sofia Oliveira Sá Cachada, Raquel Nichele de Chaves, Thayse Natacha Queiroz Ferreira Gomes, Sara Isabel Sampaio Pereira, Daniel Monteiro de Vilhena e Santos, Fernanda Karina dos Santos, Pedro Gil Rodrigues da Silva, Michele Caroline de Souza, Vicki Lambert, Matthew April, Monika Uys, Nirmala Naidoo, Nandi Synyanya, Madelaine Carstens, Martyn Standage, Sean Cumming, Clemens Drenowatz, Lydia Emm, Fiona Gillison, Julia Zakrzewski, Catrine Tudor-Locke, Ashley Braud, Sheletta Donatto, Corbin Lemon, Ana Jackson, Ashunti Pearson, Gina Pennington, Daniel Ragus, Ryan Roubion, John Schuna Jr, Derek Wiltz

Abstract

Purpose: Previously, studies examining correlates of sedentary behavior have been limited by small sample size, restricted geographic area, and little socio-cultural variability. Further, few studies have examined correlates of total sedentary time (SED) and screen time (ST) in the same population. This study aimed to investigate correlates of SED and ST in children around the world.

Methods: The sample included 5,844 children (45.6% boys, mean age = 10.4 years) from study sites in Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Finland, India, Kenya, Portugal, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Child- and parent-reported behavioral, household, and neighborhood characteristics and directly measured anthropometric and accelerometer data were obtained. Twenty-one potential correlates of SED and ST were examined using multilevel models, adjusting for sex, age, and highest parental education, with school and study site as random effects. Variables that were moderately associated with SED and/or ST in univariate analyses (p<0.10) were included in the final models. Variables that remained significant in the final models (p<0.05) were considered correlates of SED and/or ST.

Results: Children averaged 8.6 hours of daily SED, and 54.2% of children failed to meet ST guidelines. In all study sites, boys reported higher ST, were less likely to meet ST guidelines, and had higher BMI z-scores than girls. In 9 of 12 sites, girls engaged in significantly more SED than boys. Common correlates of higher SED and ST included poor weight status, not meeting physical activity guidelines, and having a TV or a computer in the bedroom.

Conclusions: In this global sample many common correlates of SED and ST were identified, some of which are easily modifiable (e.g., removing TV from the bedroom), and others that may require more intense behavioral interventions (e.g., increasing physical activity). Future work should incorporate these findings into the development of culturally meaningful public health messages.

Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: ISCOLE was funded by The Coca-Cola Company. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Figures

Fig 1. Participants with missing data.
Fig 1. Participants with missing data.
A total of 1528 participants were excluded due to missing data, some participants had missing data for more than one variable.
Fig 2. Mean total sedentary time (SED)…
Fig 2. Mean total sedentary time (SED) and screen time (ST) score.
Mean accelerometer measured SED (Panel A) and self-reported ST (Panel B) for boys (light grey bars), and girls (white bars). Black bars (boys) and dark grey bars (girls) represent overall sample means. Panel A: Accelerometer measured total sedentary time (SED) (hours/day) across all 12 ISCOLE sites (*indicates sites where girls engaged in significantly more SED than boys, p

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