Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants

Elizabeth R Moore, Gene C Anderson, Nils Bergman, Therese Dowswell, Elizabeth R Moore, Gene C Anderson, Nils Bergman, Therese Dowswell

Abstract

Background: Mother-infant separation postbirth is common in Western culture. Early skin-to-skin contact (SSC) begins ideally at birth and involves placing the naked baby, head covered with a dry cap and a warm blanket across the back, prone on the mother's bare chest. According to mammalian neuroscience, the intimate contact inherent in this place (habitat) evokes neurobehaviors ensuring fulfillment of basic biological needs. This time may represent a psychophysiologically 'sensitive period' for programming future physiology and behavior.

Objectives: To assess the effects of early SSC on breastfeeding, physiological adaptation, and behavior in healthy mother-newborn dyads.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (30 November 2011), made personal contact with trialists, and consulted the bibliography on kangaroo mother care (KMC) maintained by Dr. Susan Ludington.

Selection criteria: Randomized controlled trials comparing early SSC with usual hospital care.

Data collection and analysis: We independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. Study authors were contacted for additional information.

Main results: Thirty-four randomized controlled trials were included involving 2177 participants (mother-infant dyads). Data from more than two trials were available for only eight outcome measures. For primary outcomes, we found a statistically significant positive effect of early SSC on breastfeeding at one to four months postbirth (13 trials; 702 participants) (risk ratio (RR) 1.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06 to 1.53, and SSC increased breastfeeding duration (seven trials; 324 participants) (mean difference (MD) 42.55 days, 95% CI -1.69 to 86.79) but the results did not quite reach statistical significance (P = 0.06). Late preterm infants had better cardio-respiratory stability with early SSC (one trial; 31 participants) (MD 2.88, 95% CI 0.53 to 5.23). Blood glucose 75 to 90 minutes following the birth was significantly higher in SSC infants (two trials, 94 infants) (MD 10.56 mg/dL, 95% CI 8.40 to 12.72).The overall methodological quality of trials was mixed, and there was high heterogeneity for some outcomes.

Authors' conclusions: Limitations included methodological quality, variations in intervention implementation, and outcomes. The intervention appears to benefit breastfeeding outcomes, and cardio-respiratory stability and decrease infant crying, and has no apparent short- or long-term negative effects. Further investigation is recommended. To facilitate meta-analysis, future research should be done using outcome measures consistent with those in the studies included here. Published reports should clearly indicate if the intervention was SSC with time of initiation and duration and include means, standard deviations and exact probability values.

Figures

Figure 1. Risk of bias graph: review…
Figure 1. Risk of bias graph: review authors’ judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
Figure 2. Risk of bias summary: review…
Figure 2. Risk of bias summary: review authors’ judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
Figure 3. Funnel plot of comparison: 1…
Figure 3. Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Skin-to-skin versus standard contact healthy infants, outcome: 1.1 Breastfeeding 1 month to 4 months postbirth.

References

References to studies included in this review

    1. [published data only]

    2. Anderson GC, Chiu SH, Dombrowski MA, Swinth JY, Albert JM, Wada N. Mother-newborn contact in a randomized trial of kangaroo (skin-to-skin) care. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing. 2003;32(5):604–11.

    3. ​

      ​

    4. Chiu SH, Anderson GC. Effect of early skin-to-skin contact on mother-preterm infant interaction through 18 months: randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2009;46(9):1168–80.

    5. ​

      ​

    6. Hake-Brooks SJ, Anderson GC. Kangaroo care and breastfeeding of mother-preterm infant dyads 0-18 months: a randomized, controlled trial. Neonatal Network. 2003;27(3):151–9.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Bergman N. Kangaroo mother care from birth compared to conventional incubator care. 22nd Conference on Priorities in Perinatal Care in South Africa; Free State, South Africa. 2003 March 11-14.2003.

    3. ​

      ​

    4. Bergman NJ, Linley LL, Fawcus SR. Randomized controlled trial of skin-to-skin contact from birth versus conventional incubator for physiological stabilization. Acta Paediatrica. 2004;93(6):779–85.

    5. ​

      ​

    6. Bigelow A, Littlejohn M, Bergman N, McDonald C. The relation between early mother-infant skin-to-skin contact and later maternal sensitivity in South African mothers of low birth weight infants. Infant Mental Health Journal. 2010;31(3):358–77.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Bystrova K, Ivanova V, Edhborg M, Matthiesen AS, Ransjo-Arvidson AB, Mukhamedrakhimov R, et al. Early contact versus separation: effects on mother-infant interaction one year later. Birth. 2009;36(2):97–109.

    3. ​

      ​

    4. Bystrova K, Matthiesen AS, Vorontsov I, Widstrom AM, Ransjo-Arvidson AB, Uvnas-Moberg K. Maternal axillar and breast temperature after giving birth: effects of delivery ward practices and relation to infant temperature. Birth. 2007;34(4):291–300.

    5. ​

      ​

    6. Bystrova K, Matthiesen AS, Widstrom AM, Ransjo-Arvidson AB, Welles-Nystrom B, Vorontsov I, et al. The effect of Russian maternity home routines on breastfeeding and neonatal weight loss with special reference to swaddling. Early Human Development. 2007;83(1):29–39.

    7. ​

      ​

    8. Bystrova K, Widstrom AM, Matthiesen AS, Ransjo-Arvidson AB, Welles-Nystrom B, Vorontsov I, et al. Early lactation performance in primiparous and multiparous women in relation to different maternity home practices. A randomised trial in St. Petersburg. International Breastfeeding Journal. 2007;2(1):9.

    9. ​

      ​

    10. Bystrova K, Widstrom AM, Matthiesen AS, Ransjo-Arvidson AB, Welles-Nystrom B, Wassberg C, et al. Skin-to-skin contact may reduce negative consequences of “the stress of being born”: a study on temperature in newborn infants, subjected to different ward routines in St. Petersburg. Acta Paediatrica. 2003;92(3):320–6.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Carfoot S, Williamson PR, Dickson R. The value of a pilot study in breast-feeding research. Midwifery. 2004;20(2):188–93.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Carfoot S, Williamson P, Dickson R. A randomised controlled trial in the north of England examining the effects of skin-to-skin care on breast feeding. Midwifery. 2005;21(1):71–9.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Carlsson SG, Fagerberg H, Horneman G, Hwang CP, Larsson K, Rodholm M. Effects of various amounts of contact between mother and child on the mother’s nursing behavior: a follow-up study. Infant Behaviour and Development. 1979;2:209–14.

    3. ​

      ​

    4. Carlsson SG, Fagerberg H, Horneman G, Hwang CP, Larsson K, Rodholm M, et al. Effects of amount of contact between mother and child on the mother’s nursing behavior. Developmental Psychobiology. 1978;11:143–50.

    5. ​

      ​

    6. Carlsson SG, Larsson K, Schaller J. Early mother-child contact and nursing. Reproduction, Nutrition and Development. 1980;20:881–9.

    7. ​

      ​

    8. Hwang CP. Aspects of the mother-infant relationship during nursing 1 and 6 weeks after early and extended postpartum contact. Early Human Development. 1981;5:279–87.

    9. ​

      ​

    10. Schaller J, Carlsson SG, Larsson K. Effects of extended post-partum mother-child contact on the mother’s behavior during nursing. Infant Behavior and Development. 1979;2:319–24.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Christensson K, Siles C, Moreno L, Belaustequi A, De La Fuente P, Lagercrantz H, et al. Temperature, metabolic adaptation and crying in healthy full-term newborns cared for skin-to-skin or in a cot. Acta Paediatrica. 1992;81:488–93.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Christensson K, Cabrera T, Christensson E, Uvnas Moberg K, Winberg J. Separation distress call in the human neonate in the absence of maternal body contact. Acta Paediatrica. 1995;84(5):468–73.

    3. ​

      ​

    4. Michelsson K, Christensson K, Rothganger H, Winberg J. Crying in separated and non-separated newborns: sound spectrographic analysis. Acta Paediatrica. 1996;85:471–5.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Chwo MJ. Early kangaroo care for 34-36 week preterm infants: effects on temperature, weight, cortisol, and behavior [dissertation] Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland (OH): 1999.

    3. ​

      ​

    4. Chwo MJ, Anderson GC, Good M, Dowling DA, Shiau SH, Chu DM. A randomized controlled trial of early kangaroo care for preterm infants: effects on temperature, weight, behavior, and acuity. Journal of Nursing Research. 2002;10(2):129–42.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Craig S, Tyson JE, Samson J, Lasky RE. The effect of early contact on maternal perception of infant behavior. Early Human Development. 1982;6:197–204.

    1. [published and unpublished data]

    2. Curry MA. The effect of skin-to-skin contact between mother and infant during the first hour following delivery on the mother’s maternal attachment behavior and self concept [dissertation] University of California; San Francisco (CA): 1979.

    3. ​

      ​

    4. Curry MA. Maternal attachment behaviour and the mother’s self-concept: the effect of early skin-to-skin contact. Nursing Research. 1982;31:73–8.

    5. ​

      ​

    6. Curry MAH. Contact during the first hour with the wrapped or naked newborn: effect on maternal attachment behaviors at 36 hours and three months. Birth and the Family Journal. 1979;6:227–35.

    1. [published data only]

    2. De Chateau P. Early post-partum contact and later attitudes. International Journal of Behavioral Development. 1980;3:273–86.

    3. ​

      ​

    4. De Chateau P. The first hour after delivery - its impact on synchrony of the parent-infant relationship. Paediatrician. 1980;9:151–68.

    5. ​

      ​

    6. De Chateau P. The influence of early contact on maternal and infant behaviour in primiparae. Birth and the Family Journal. 1976;3:149–55.

    7. ​

      ​

    8. De Chateau P, Holmberg H, Jakobsson K, Winberg J. A study of factors promoting and inhibiting lactation. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1977;19:575–84.

    9. ​

      ​

    10. De Chateau P, Wiberg B. Long-term effect on mother-infant behaviour of extra contact during the first hour post partum. I. First observations at 36 hours. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica. 1977;66:137–43.

    11. ​

      ​

    12. De Chateau P, Wiberg P. Long-term effect on mother-infant behaviour of extra contact during the first hour post partum. II. A follow-up at three months. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica. 1977;66:145–51.

    13. ​

      ​

    14. De Chateau P, Wiberg P. Long-term effect on mother-infant behaviour of extra contact during the first hour post partum. III. Follow-up at one year. Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine. 1984;12:91–103.

    15. ​

      ​

    16. Wiberg B, Humble K, De Chateau P. Long-term effect on mother-infant behaviour of extra contact during the first hour post partum. V. Follow-up at three years. Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine. 1989;17(2):181–91.

    17. ​

      ​

    18. Winberg J, De Chateau P. Attempts to increase breastfeeding. Proceedings of 5th International Congress on Psychosomatic Medicine in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, “Emotion and Reproduction”; Rome, Italy. 1979. pp. 851–4.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Fardig JA. A comparison of skin-to-skin contact and radiant heaters in promoting neonatal thermoregulation. Journal of Nurse-Midwifery. 1980;25:19–28.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Ferber SG, Makhoul IR. The effect of skin-to-skin contact (kangaroo care) shortly after birth on the neurobehavioral responses of the term newborn: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2004;113(4):858–65.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Gouchon S, Gregori D, Picotto A, Patrucco G, Nangeroni M, Di Giulio P. Skin-to-skin contact after cesarean delivery: an experimental study. Nursing Research. 2010;59(2):78–84.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Hales DJ, Lozoff B, Sosa R, Kennell JH. Defining the limits of the maternal sensitive period. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1977;19:454–61.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Huang YY, Huang CY, Lin SM, Wu SC. Effect of very early kangaroo care on extrauterine temperature adaptation in newborn infants with hypothermia problem. Hu Li Za Zhi. 2006;53(4):41–8.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Kastner R, Gingelmaier A, Langer B, Grubert TA, Hartl K, Stauber M. Mother-child relationship before, during and after birth [Die Mutter–Kind–Beziehung pranatal, unter der Geburt und postnatal] Gynakologische Praxis. 2005;29(1):109–14.

    3. ​

      ​

    4. Kastner R, Gingelmaier A, Langer B, Grubert TA, Hartl K, Stauber M. Mother-child relationship before, during and after birth [Die Mutter–Kind–Beziehung pranatal, unter der Geburt und postnatal] Padiatrische Praxis. 2005–2006;67(1):13–8.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Karimi A, Khadivzadeh T, Tara F. The effect of mother-infant skin to skin contact on mother’s attachment. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 2009;107(Suppl 2):S668.

    3. ​

      ​

    4. Khadivzadeh T, Karimi A. Randomized controlled trial of very early maternal infant skin-to-skin contact and successful breastfeeding. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology. 2008;115(s1):248.

    5. ​

      ​

    6. Khadivzadeh T, Karimi A. The effects of post-birth mother-infant skin-to-skin contact on first breastfeeding. International Journal of Nurse Midwifery Research. 2009;14(3):111–6.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Mazurek T, Mikiel-Kostyra K, Mazur J, Wieczorek P, Radwanska B, Pachuta-Wegier L. Influence of immediate newborn care on infant adaptation to the environment [Wplyw postepowania z noworodkiem bezposrednio po porodzie na cechy jego adaptacji do srodowiska] Medycyna Wieku Rozwojowego. 1999;3(2):215–24.

    1. [published data only]

    2. McClellan MS, Cabianca WA. Effects of early mother-infant contact following cesarean birth. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 1980;56:52–5.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Mizuno K, Mizuno N, Shinohara T, Noda M. Mother-infant skin-to-skin contact after delivery results in early recognition of own mother’s milk odour. Acta Paediatrica. 2004;93(12):1640–5.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Moore E. Randomized controlled trial of early mother-infant skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding success [dissertation] Vanderbilt University; Nashville (TN): 2005.

    3. ​

      ​

    4. Moore ER, Anderson GC. Randomized controlled trial of very early mother-infant skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding status. Journal of Midwifery and Women’s Health. 2007;Vol. 52(issue 2):116–24.

    5. ​

      ​

    6. Moore ER, Anderson GC. Randomized controlled trial or early mother-infant skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding success. Journal of Human Lactation. 2005;21(4):488–9.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Nolan A, Lawrence C. A pilot study of a nursing intervention protocol to minimize maternal-infant separation after Cesarean birth. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing. 2009;38(4):430–42.

    1. [unpublished data only]

    2. Punthmatharith B. Randomized controlled trial of early kangaroo care (skin-to-skin) care: effects on maternal feelings, maternal-infant interaction and breastfeeding success in Thailand [dissertation] Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland (OH): 2001.

    1. [published and unpublished data]

    2. Shiau S-HH. Randomized controlled trial of kangaroo care with full-term infants: effects on maternal anxiety, breast-milk maturation, breast engorgement, and breastfeeding status [dissertation] Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland (OH): 1997.

    3. ​

      ​

    4. Shiau S-HH. Randomized controlled trial of kangaroo care with full term infants: effects on breastmilk maturation, breast engorgement, and breastfeeding status. International Breastfeeding Conference, Australia’s Breastfeeding Association; Sydney, Australia. 1997 October.1997.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Sosa R, Kennell JH, Klaus M, Urrutia JJ. The effect of early mother-infant contact on breastfeeding, infection and growth. In: Elliott K, Fitzsimons DW, editors. Breastfeeding and the mother: Ciba Foundation Symposium. Vol. 45. Elsevier Excerpta Medica; New York: 1976. pp. 179–93.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Sosa R, Kennell JH, Klaus M, Urrutia JJ. The effect of early mother-infant contact on breastfeeding, infection and growth. In: Elliott K, Fitzsimons DW, editors. Breastfeeding and the mother: Ciba Foundation Symposium. Vol. 45. Elsevier Excerpta Medica; New York: 1976. pp. 179–93.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Sosa R, Kennell JH, Klaus M, Urrutia JJ. The effect of early mother-infant contact on breastfeeding, infection and growth. In: Elliott K, Fitzsimons DW, editors. Breastfeeding and the mother: Ciba Foundation Symposium. Vol. 45. Elsevier Excerpta Medica; New York: 1976. pp. 179–93.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Svejda MJ, Campos JJ, Emde RN. Mother-infant bonding: failure to generalize. Child Development. 1980;51:775–9.

    1. [published and unpublished data]

    2. Syfrett EB. Very early and virtually continuous kangaroo care for 34-36 week gestation preterm infants: effects on temperature, breastfeeding, supplementation and weight [thesis] University of Florida; Gainesville (FL): 1993.

    3. ​

      ​

    4. Syfrett EB, Anderson GC. Very early kangaroo care beginning at birth for healthy preterm infants and mothers who choose to breastfeed: effect on outcome. A workshop on the Kangaroo-mother method for low birthweight infants; Trieste, Italy. 1996 October; World Health Organization; 1996.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Thomson ME, Hartsock TG, Larson C. The importance of immediate postnatal contact: its effect on breastfeeding. Canadian Family Physician. 1979;25:1374–8.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Vaidya K, Sharma A, Dhungel S. Effect of early mother-baby close contact over the duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Nepal Medical College Journal: NMCJ. 2005;7:138–40.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Villalon HU, Alvarez PC. Short term effects of early skin-to-skin contact (kangaroo care) on breastfeeding in healthy full-term newborns [Efecto a corto plazo del contacto precoz piel a piel sobre la lactancia materna en recien nacidos de termino sanos] Revista Chilena de Pediatria. 1993;64(2):124–8.

    3. ​

      ​

    4. Villalon HU, Alvarez PC, Barria EH, Caneleo DH, Carrillo LM, Duran SG. Effect of early skin-to-skin contact on temperature regulation, heart rate, and respiratory rate in healthy, full-term newborns [Contacto precoz piel a piel: efecto sobre los parametros fisiologicos en las cuatro horas posteriores al parto en recien nacidos de termino sanos] Revista Chilena de Pediatria. 1992;63(3):140–4.
References to studies excluded from this review

    1. [published data only]

    2. Abdel Razek A, Az El-Dein N. Effect of breast-feeding on pain relief during infant immunization injections. International Journal of Nursing Practice. 2009;15(2):99–104.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Ali Z, Lowry M. Early maternal-child contact: effects on later behavior. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1981;23:337–45.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Anisfeld E, Lipper E. Early contact, social support, and mother-infant bonding. Pediatrics. 1983;72:79–83.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Castral TC, Warnock F, Leite AM, Haas VJ, Scochi CG. The effects of skin-to-skin contact during acute pain in preterm newborns. European Journal of Pain. 2008;12(4):464–71.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Cattaneo A, Davanzo R, Worku B, Surjono A, Echeverria M, Bedri A, et al. Kangaroo mother care for low birthweight infants: a randomized controlled trial in different settings. Acta Paediatrica. 1998;87(9):976–85.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Christensson K, Bhat GJ, Amadi BC. Randomised study of skin-to-skin versus incubator care for rewarming low-risk hypothermic neonates. Lancet. 1998;352:1115.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Darmstadt GL, Kumar V, Yadav R, Singh V, Singh P, Mohanty S, et al. Introduction of community-based skin-to-skin care in rural Uttar Pradesh, India. Journal of Perinatology. 2006;26(10):597–604.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Durand R, Hodges S, LaRock S, Lund L, Schmid S, Swick D, et al. The effect of skin-to-skin breastfeeding in the immediate recovery period on newborn thermoregulation and blood glucose values. Neonatal Intensive Care. 1997;3/4:23–9.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Erlandsson K, Dsilna A, Fagerberg I, Christensson K. Skin-to-skin care with the father after cesarean birth and its effect on newborn crying and prefeeding behavior. Birth. 2007;34(2):105–14.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Feldman R, Weller A, Sirota L, Eidelman AI. Testing a family intervention hypothesis: the contribution of mother-infant skin-to-skin contact (kangaroo care) to family interaction, proximity, and touch. Journal of Family Psychology. 2003;17(1):94–107.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Ferber SG, Makhoul IR. Neurobehavioural assessment of skin-to-skin effects on reaction to pain in preterm infants: a randomized, controlled within-subject trial. Acta Paediatrica. 2008;97(2):171–6.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Gardner S. The mother as incubator-after delivery. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing. 1979;8(3):174–6.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Gathwala G, Singh B, Balhara B. KMC facilitates mother baby attachment in low birth weight infants. Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 2008;75(1):43–7.

    3. ​

      ​

    4. Gathwala G, Singh B, Singh J. Effect of Kangaroo Mother Care on physical growth, breastfeeding and its acceptability. Tropical Doctor. 2010;40(4):199–202.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Gomes-Pedro J, Bento de Almeida J, Silveira da Costa C, Barbosa A. Influence of early mother-infant contact on dyadic behaviour during the first month of life. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1984;26:657–64.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Gray L, Watt L, Blass EM. Skin-to-skin contact is analgesic in healthy newborns. Pediatrics. 2000;105(1):e14.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Gray L, Miller LW, Philipp BL, Blass EM. Breastfeeding is analgesic in healthy newborns. Pediatrics. 2002;109:590–3.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Grossman K, Thane K, Grossman KE. Maternal tactual contact of the newborn after various postpartum conditions of mother-infant contact. Developmental Psychobiology. 1981;17:158–69.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Hill ST, Shronk LK. The effect of early parent-infant contact on newborn body temperature. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing. 1979;8(5):287–90.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Ibe OE, Austin T, Sullivan K, Fabanwo O, Disu E, Costello AM. A comparison of kangaroo mother care and conventional incubator care for thermal regulation of infants <2000g in Nigeria using continuous ambulatory temperature monitoring. Annals of Tropical Pediatrics. 2004;24:245–51.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Johanson RB, Malla DS, Rolfe P, Spencer A. The effect of postdelivery care on neonatal body temperature. Early Human Development. 1990;21:132–3.

    3. ​

      ​

    4. Johanson RB, Spencer SA, Rolfe P, Jones P, Malla DS. Effect of post-delivery care on neonatal body temperature. Acta Paediatrica. 1992;81:859–63.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Johnson NW. Breast-feeding at one hour of age. American Journal of Maternal-Child Nursing. 1976;1:12–6.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Kadam S, Binoy S, Kanbur W, Mondkar JA, Fernandez A. Feasibility of kangaroo mother care in Mumbai. Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 2005;72(1):35–8.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Karlsson H. Skin to skin care: heat balance. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1996;75:F130–F132.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Kennell JH, Jerauld R, Wolfe H, Chesler D, Kreger NC, McAlpine W. Maternal behavior one year after early and extended post-partum contact. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1974;16:172–9.

    3. ​

      ​

    4. Kennell JH, Trause MA, Klaus MH. Parent infant interaction. Vol. 33. CIBA Foundation Symposium; 1975. Evidence for a sensitive period in the human mother; pp. 87–101.

    5. ​

      ​

    6. Klaus M, Jerauld R, Kreger N, McAlpine W, Steffa M, Kennell J. Maternal attachment: importance of the first postpartum days. New England Journal of Medicine. 1972;286:460–3.

    7. ​

      ​

    8. Ringler N, Kennell JH, Klaus MH, Navojosky B. Mother to child speech at two years: the effects of increased postnatal contact. Pediatric Research. 1974;8:345.

    9. ​

      ​

    10. Ringler N, Trause MA, Klaus MH, Kennell JH. The effects of extra postpartum contact and maternal speech patterns on children’s IQs, speech and language comprehension at five. Child Development. 1978;49:862–5.

    11. ​

      ​

    12. Ringler NM, Kennell JH, Jarvella R, Navojosky BJ, Klaus MH. Mother-to-child speech at 2 years: effect of early postnatal contact. Journal of Pediatrics. 1975;86:141–4.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Kontos D. A study of the effects of extended mother-infant contact on maternal behavior at one and three months. Birth and the Family Journal. 1978;5(3):133–40.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Lindenberg CS, Artola RC, Jimenez V. The effect of early postpartum mother-infant contact and breastfeeding promotion on the incidence and continuation of breastfeeding. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 1990;27:179–86.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Ludington-Hoe SM, Anderson GC, Swinth JY, Thompson C, Hadeed AJ. Randomized controlled trial of kangaroo care: cardiorespiratory and thermal effects on healthy preterm infants. Neonatal Network - Journal of Neonatal Nursing. 2004;23(3):39–48.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Ludington-Hoe SM, Johnson MW, Morgan K, Lewis T, Gutman J, Wilson PD, et al. Neurophysiologic assessment of neonatal sleep organization: preliminary results of a randomized, controlled trial of skin contact with preterm infants. Pediatrics. 2006;117(5):e909–23.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Marin Gabriel MA, Llana Martin I, Lopez Escobar A, Fernandez Villalba E, Romero Blanco I, Touza Pol P. Randomized controlled trial of early skin-to-skin contact: effects on the mother and the newborn. Acta Paediatrica. 2010;Vol. 99(issue 11):1630–4.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Mikiel-Kostyra K, Boltruszko I, Mazur J. Skin-to-skin contact after birth as a factor determining breastfeeding duration [Kontakt skora–do–skory po porodzie jako czynnik warunkujacy czas trwania karmienia piersia] Medycyna Wieku Rozwojowego. 2001;5(2):179–89.

    3. ​

      ​

    4. Mikiel-Kostyra K, Mazur J, Boltruszko I. Effect of early skin-to-skin contact after delivery on duration of breastfeeding: a prospective cohort study. Acta Paediatrica. 2002;91(12):1301–6.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Miles R, Cowan F, Glover V, Stevenson J, Modi N. A controlled trial of skin-to-skin contact in extremely preterm infants. Early Human Development. 2006;82(7):447–55.

    1. [published data only]

    2. S Nagai, Andrianarimanana D, Rabesandratana N, Yonemoto N, Nakayama T, Mori R. Earlier versus later continuous Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) for stable low-birth-weight infants: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Paediatrica. 2010;99(6):827–35.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Neu M, Robinson J. Maternal holding of preterm infants during the early weeks after birth and dyad interaction at six months. JOGNN - Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing. 2010;39(4):401–14.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Ohgi S, Fukuda M, Moriuchi H, Kusumoto T, Akiyama T, Nugent JK, et al. Comparison of kangaroo care and standard care: behavioral organization, development, and temperament in healthy, low-birth-weight infants through 1 year. Journal of Perinatology. 2002;22(5):374–9.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Okan F, Ozdil A, Bulbul A, Yapici Z, Nuhoglu A. Analgesic effects of skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding in procedural pain in healthy term neonates. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 2010;30(2):119–28.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Ottaviano CM, Campbell SBG, Taylor PM. The effects of extra postpartum contact on infant-mother attachment at one year. Pediatric Research. 1979;13:336.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Ramanathan K, Paul VK, Deorari AK, Taneja U, George G. Kangaroo mother care in very low birth weight infants. Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 2001;68(11):1019–23.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Roberts KL, Paynter C, McEwan B. A comparison of kangaroo mother care and conventional cuddling care. Neonatal Network - Journal of Neonatal Nursing. 2000;19(4):31–5.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Rojas MA, Kaplan M, Mayes L, Quevedo ME, Foster LB, Sherwonit E, et al. Traditional holding (TH) and skin-to-skin care (SSC) for newborn infants <= 1500 grams. A randomized controlled trial [abstract] Pediatric Research. 2001;49(4):360A.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Salariya EM, Easton PM, Cater JI. Duration of breastfeeding after early initiation and frequent feeding. Lancet. 1978;2:1141–3.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Ahmed S, Mitra SN, Chowdhury AM, Camacho LL, Winikoff B, Sloan NL. Community Kangaroo Mother Care: implementation and potential for neonatal survival and health in very low-income settings. Journal of Perinatology. 2011;31(5):361–7.

    3. ​

      ​

    4. Sloan NL, Ahmed S, Chowdhury N, Mitra S, Chowdhury M, Rob U. Community-based kangaroo mother care to prevent neonatal mortality [abstract]. Pediatric Academic Societies Annual Meeting; San Francisco, CA, USA. 2006 April 29-May 2.2006.

    5. ​

      ​

    6. Sloan NL, Ahmed S, Mitra SN, Choudhury N, Chowdhury M, Rob U, et al. Community-based kangaroo mother care to prevent neonatal and infant mortality: a randomized, controlled cluster trial. Pediatrics. 2008;121(5):e1047–59.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Suman Rao PN, Udani R, Nanavati R. Kangaroo mother care for low birth weight infants: a randomized controlled trial. Indian Pediatrics. 2008;45(1):17–23.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Taylor PM, Campbell SBG, Taylor FH, Maloni J, Dickey D, Rubenstein G. Short-term effects of extra mother-first born contact. Pediatric Research. 1979;13:338.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Taylor PM, Maloni JA, Taylor FH, Campbell SB. Extra early mother-infant contact and duration of breastfeeding. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica Supplement. 1985;316:15–22.

    3. ​

      ​

    4. Taylor PM, Taylor FH, Campbell SB, Maloni JA, Cannon M. Extra early physical contact and aspects of the early mother-infant relationship. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica Supplement. 1985;316:3–14.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Taylor PM, Maloni JA, Brown DR. Early sucking and prolonged breastfeeding. American Journal of Diseases of Children. 1986;140:151–4.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Tessier R, Charpak N, Giron M, Cristo M, de Calume ZF, Ruiz-Pelaez JG. Kangaroo Mother Care, home environment and father involvement in the first year of life: a randomized controlled study. Acta Paediatrica. 2009;98(9):1444–50.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Thukral A, Sankar J, Agarwal R, Deorari A, Paul V. Effect of early skin to skin (STS) contact on breastfeeding behavior in term neonates: a randomized trial. Pediatric Academic Societies 2010 Annual Meeting; Vancouver, Canada. 2010 May 1-4.2010.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Velandia M, Matthisen AS, Uvnas-Moberg K, Nissen E. Onset of vocal interaction between parents and newborns in skin-to-skin contact immediately after elective caesarean section. Birth. 2010;37(3):192–201.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Wimmer-Puchinger B, Nagel M. The importance of attitudes during pregnancy and early mother-child contact for breastfeeding behavior: an empirical study. In: Prill HJ, Stauber M, editors. Advances in Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology. Springer-Verlag: 1982. pp. 482–4.

    1. [published data only]

    2. Worku B, Kassie A. Kangaroo mother care: a randomized controlled trial on effectiveness of early kangaroo mother care for the low birthweight infants in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2005;51(2):93–7.
References to ongoing studies

    1. [published data only]

    2. Keshavarz M. [accessed 6 December 2010];Comparison the effect of skin to skin contact and music during skin to skin contact on maternal state anxiety in cesarean section unit. IRCT Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials. 2010
Additional references

    1. [published data only]

    2. Affonso D, Wahlberg V, Persson B. Exploration of mother’s reactions to the kangaroo method of prematurity care. Neonatal Network. 1989;7(6):43–51.
    1. Alberts JR. Learning as adaptation of the infant. Acta Paediatrica Supplement. 1994;397:77–85.
    1. Gartner LM, Morton J, Lawrence RA, Naylor AJ, O’Hare D, Schanler RJ, et al. Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics. 2005;115(2):496–506.
    1. Anderson GC. Risk in mother-infant separation postbirth. Image. 1989;21:196–9.
    1. Anderson GC, Chang H-P, Behnke M, Conlon M, Eyler FD. Self- regulatory mothering (SR) postbirth: effect on, and correlation between, infant crying and salivary cortisol. Pediatric Research. 1995;37(4 Pt 2):12A.
    1. Anderson GC, Chiu SH, Morrison B, Burkhammer M, Ludington-Hoe S. Skin-to-skin care for breastfeeding difficulties postbirth. In: Field T, editor. Touch and Massage Therapy in Early Development. Johnson & Johnson Pediatric Institute; New Brunswick: 2004. pp. 115–36.
    1. Anderson GC, Radjenovic D, Chiu SH, Conlon M, Lane AE. Development of an observational instrument to measure mother-infant separation post birth. Journal of Nursing Measurement. 2004;12(3):215–34.
    1. Bernard-Bonnin AC, Stachtchenko S, Girard G, Rousseau E. Hospital practices and breast-feeding duration: a meta-analysis of controlled trials. Birth. 1989;16:64–6.
    1. Bramson L, Lee JW, Moore E, Montgomery S, Neish C, Bahjri K. Effect of early skin-to-skin mother-infant contact during the first 3 hours following birth on exclusive breastfeeding during the maternity hospital stay. Journal of Human Lactation. 2010;26(2):130–7.
    1. Bystrova K, Matthiesen AS, Widstrom AM, Ransjo-Arvidson AB, Welles-Nystrom B, Vorontsov I, et al. The effect of Russian maternity home routines on breastfeeding and neonatal weight loss with special reference to swaddling. Early Human Development. 2007;83(1):29–39.
    1. Bystrova K, Widstrom AM, Matthiesen AS, Ransjo-Arvidson AB, Welles-Nystrom B, Vorontsov I, et al. Early lactation performance in primiparous and multiparous women in relation to different maternity home practices. A randomised trial in St. Petersburg. International Breastfeeding Journal. 2007;2(1):9.
    1. Bystrova K, Matthiesen AS, Vorontsov I, Widstrom AM, Ransjo-Arvidson AB, Uvnas-Moberg K. Maternal axillar and breast temperature after giving birth: effects of delivery ward practices and relation to infant temperature. Birth. 2007;34(4):291–300.
    1. Bystrova K, Ivanova V, Edhborg M, Matthiesen AS, Ransjo-Arvidson AB, Mukhamedrakhimov R, et al. Early contact versus separation: effects on mother-infant interaction one year later. Birth. 2009;36(2):97–109.
    1. Chiu SH, Anderson GC, Burkhammer MD. Newborn temperature during skin-to-skin breastfeeding in couples having breastfeeding difficulties. Birth. 2005;32(2):115–21.
    1. Chiu SH, Anderson GC, Burkhammer MD. Can skin-to-skin contact help reduce racial disparities in postpartum women having breastfeeding difficulties? Breastfeeding Medicine. 2008;3(4):231–7.
    1. Chiu SH, Anderson GC. Effect of early skin-to-skin contact on mother-preterm infant interaction through 18 months: randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2009;46(9):1168–80.
    1. Christidis I, Zotter H, Rosegger H, Engele H, Kurz R, Kerbl R. Infrared thermography in newborns: the first hour after birth. Gynakologisch Geburtschilfliche Rundschau. 2003;Vol. 43:31–5.
    1. Clark R. The parent-child early relational assessment: instrument and manual. Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin Medical School; Madison, Wisconsin: 1985.
    1. Clark R. The parent-child early relational assessment: a factorial validity study. Educational and Psychological Measurement. 1999;59(5):821–46.
    1. Conde-Agudelo A, Diaz-Rossello JL, Belizam JM. Kangaroo mother care to reduce morbidity and mortality in low birthweight infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2011;(Issue 3) DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002771.
    1. Dageville C, Pignol J, De Smet S. Very early neonatal apparent life-threatening events and sudden unexpected deaths: incidence and risk factors. Acta Paediatrica. 2008;Vol. 97:866–9.
    1. De Carvalho M, Robertson S, Friedman A, Klaus M. Effect of frequent breast-feeding on early milk production and infant weight gain. Pediatrics. 1983;72:307–11.
    1. Del Sette M, Angeli S, Leandri M, Ferriero G, Bruzzone GL, Finocchi C. Migraine with aura and right-to-left shunt on transcranial Doppler: a case-control study. Cerebrovascular Diseases. 1998;8(6):327–30.
    1. Dennis C. Theoretical underpinnings of breast-feeding confidence: a self-efficacy framework. Journal of Human Lactation. 1999;15:195–201.
    1. Dewey KG, Nommsen-Rivers LA, Heinig MJ, Cohen RJ. Risk factors for suboptimal infant breastfeeding behavior, delayed onset of lactation, and excess neonatal weight loss. Pediatrics. 2003;112(3 Pt 1):607–19.
    1. Dordevic G, Jovanovic B, Dordevic M. An early contact with the baby - benefit for the mother. Medicina Preglio. 2008;61(11-12):576–9.
    1. Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ. 1997;315(7109):629–34.
    1. Fischer CB, Sontheimer D, Scheffer F, Bauer J, Linderkamp O. Cardiorespiratory stability of premature boys and girls during kangaroo care. Early Human Development. 1998;52(2):145–53.
    1. Francis D, Diorio J, Liu D, Meaney MJ. Nongenomic transmission across generations of maternal behavior and stress responses in the rat. Science. 1999;286:1155–8.
    1. Gomez P, Baiges Nogues MT, Batiste Fernandez MT, Marca Gutierrez MM, Nieto Jurado A, Closa Monasterolo R. Kangaroo method in delivery room for full-term babies [Metodo canguro en sala de partos en recien nacidos a termino] Anales Espanoles De Pediatria. 1998;48(6):631–3.
    1. Grummer-Strawn LM, Scanlon KS, Fein SB. Infant feeding and feeding transitions during the first year of life. Pediatrics. 2008;Vol. 122:S36–S42.
    1. Hake-Brooks SJ, Anderson GC. Kangaroo care and breastfeeding of mother-preterm infant dyads 0-18 months: a randomized, controlled trial. Neonatal Network. 2003;27(3):151–9.
    1. Handlin L, Jonas W, Petersson M, Ejdeback M, Ransjo-Arvidson AB, Nissen E, et al. Effects of sucking and skin-to-skin contact on maternal ACTH and cortisol levels during the second day postpartum-influence of epidural analgesia and oxytocin in the perinatal period. Breastfeeding Medicine. 2009;Vol. 4(issue 4):207–20.
    1. Harbord RM, Egger M, Sterne JA. A modified test for small-study effects in meta-analyses of controlled trials with binary endpoints. Statistics in Medicine. 2006;25(20):3443–57.
    1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 5.1.0. The Cochrane Collaboration; 2011. [updated March 2011]
    1. Hill P, Humenick SS. The occurrence of breast engorgement. Journal of Human Lactation. 1994;10:79–86.
    1. Hill PD, Humenick SS. Development of the H&H Lactation Scale. Nursing Research. 1996;45:136–40.
    1. Hill PD, Johnson TS. Assessment of breastfeeding and infant growth. Journal of Midwifery and Womens Health. 2007;52(6):571–8.
    1. Inch S, Garforth S. Establishing and maintaining breast-feeding. In: Chalmers I, Enkin M, Keirse M, editors. Effective Care in Pregnancy and Childbirth. Oxford University Press; Oxford: 1989. pp. 1359–74.
    1. Jansson UM, Mustafa T, Khan MA, Lindblad BS, Widstrom AM. The effects of medically-oriented labour ward routines on prefeeding behaviour and body temperature in newborn infants. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 1995;41:360–3.
    1. Labbok M, Krasovec K. Toward consistency in breastfeeding definitions. Studies in Family Planning. 1990;21:226–30.
    1. Lagercrantz H, Slotkin TA. The “stress” of being born. Scientific American. 1986;254(4):100–7.
    1. Lagercrantz H. Stress, arousal and gene activation at birth. News in Physiological Science. 1996;11:214–8.
    1. Liu D, Diorio JC, Tannenbaum B, Caldji C, Francis D, Freedman A, et al. Maternal care, hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor expression and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress. Science. 1997;277:1659–62.
    1. Liu D, Diorio J, Day JC, Francis DD, Meaney MJ. Maternal care, hippocampal synaptogenesis and cognitive development in rats. Nature Neuroscience. 2000;3:799–806.
    1. Lucas A. Long-term programming effects of early nutrition -- implications for the preterm infant. Journal of Perinatology. 2005;25(Suppl 2):S2–S6.
    1. Ludington-Hoe SM, Cong X, Hashemi F. Infant crying: nature, physiologic consequences, and select interventions. Neonatal Network. 2002;Vol. 21(issue 2):29–36.
    1. Matthews MK. Developing an instrument to assess infant breastfeeding behaviour in the early neonatal period. Midwifery. 1988;4(4):154–65.
    1. Matthews MK. Mothers’ satisfaction with their neonates’ breastfeeding behaviors. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing. 1991;20(1):49–55.
    1. McEwen BS. Stress, adaptation, and disease. Allostasis and allostatic load. Annals of the New York Academy of Science. 1998;840:33–44.
    1. Meaney MJ, Szyf M. Maternal care as a model for experience-dependent chromatin plasticity? Trends in Neurosciences. 2005;28(9):456–63.
    1. Michelsson K, Christensson K, Rothganger H, Winberg J. Crying in separated and non-separated newborns: sound spectrographic analysis. Acta Paediatrica. 1996;85:471–5.
    1. Moher D, Schultz KF, Altman DA. The Consort statement: Revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel group randomized trials. JAMA. 2001;285:1987–91.
    1. Moher D, Hopewell S, Schultz K, Montori V, Gotzsche P, Devereaux PJ, et al. CONSORT 2010 explanation and elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMJ. 2010;340:c869.
    1. Mori R, Khanna R, Pledge D, Nakayama T. Meta-analysis of physiological effects of skin-to-skin contact for newborns and mothers. Pediatrics International. 2010;Vol. 52:161–70.
    1. O’Campo P, Faden R, Gielen A, Wang M. Prenatal factors associated with breast-feeding duration: recommendations for prenatal interventions. Birth. 1992;19:195–201.
    1. Odent M. New reasons and new ways to study birth physiology. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 2001;75(Suppl 1):S39–S45.
    1. Perez-Escamilla R, Pollitt E, Lonnerdal B, Dewey KG. Infant feeding policies in maternity wards and their effect on breast-feeding success: an analytic overview. American Journal of Public Health. 1994;84:89–97.
    1. Plotsky PM, Thrivikraman KV, Nemeroff CB, Caldji C, Sharma S, Meaney MJ. Long-term consequences of neonatal rearing on central corticotropin-releasing factor systems in adult male rat offspring. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2005;30:2192–204.
    1. Poletto R, Steibel JP, Siegford JM, Zanella AJ. Effects of early weaning and social isolation on the expression of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor and 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 and 2 mRNAs in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of piglets. Brain Research. 2006;Vol. 1067(issue 1):36–42.
    1. Polit DF, Gillespie BM, Griffin R. Deliberate ignorance: a systematic review of blinding in nursing clinical trials. Nursing Research. 2011;60(1):9–16.
    1. Porges SW. The polyvagal perspective. Biological Psychology. 2007;74(2):116–43.
    1. Porter RH, Winberg J. Unique salience of maternal breast odors for newborn infants. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 1999;23:439–49.
    1. Raju TN, Higgins RD, Stark AR, Leveno KJ. Optimizing care and outcome for late-preterm (near-term) infants: a summary of the workshop sponsored by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Pediatrics. 2006;Vol. 118:1207–14.
    1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre. The Cochrane Collaboration . Review Manager (RevMan). 5.1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration; Copenhagen: 2011.
    1. Righard L, Alade MO. Effect of delivery room routines on success of first breast-feed. Lancet. 1990;336:1105–7.
    1. Riordan JM. Reliability and validity testing of three breastfeeding assessment tools. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing. 1997;26:181–7.
    1. Rogers IS, Emmett PM, Golding J. The incidence and duration of breast-feeding. Early Human Development. 1997;49:S45–S74.
    1. Shannon M, King TL, Kennedy HP. Allostasis: a theoretical framework for understanding and evaluating perinatal health outcomes. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing. 2007;36(2):125–34.
    1. Thomson ME, Kramer MS. Methodological standards for controlled clinical trials of early contact and maternal-infant behavior. Pediatrics. 1984;73:294–300.
    1. Thulier D. A call for clarity in infant breast and bottle-feeding definitions for research. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing. 2010;39:627–634.
    1. Uvnas-Moberg K, Eriksson M. Breastfeeding: physiological, endocrine and behavioural adaptations caused by oxytocin and local neurogenic activity in the nipple and mammary gland. Acta Paediatrica. 1996;Vol. 85:525–30.
    1. Uvnas-Moberg K. Oxytocin may mediate the benefits of positive social interactions and emotions. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1998;23:819–35.
    1. Uvnas-Moberg K, Arn I, Magnusson D. The psychobiology of emotion: the role of the oxytocinergic system. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2005;Vol. 12(issue 2):59–65.
    1. Varendi H, Porter RH, Winberg J. Does the newborn baby find the nipple by smell? Lancet. 1994;344:989–90.
    1. Varendi H, Porter RH, Winberg J. Natural odor preferences of newborn infants change over time. Acta Paediatrica. 1997;86:985–90.
    1. Varendi H, Christensson K, Porter RH, Winberg J. Soothing effect of amniotic fluid smell in newborn infants. Early Human Development. 1998;51:47–55.
    1. Widstrom AM, Ransjo-Arvidson AB, Christensson K, Matthiesen AS, Winberg J, Uvnas-Moberg K. Gastric suction in healthy newborn infants: effects on circulation and developing feeding behavior. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica. 1987;76:566–72.
    1. Widstrom AM, Wahlberg V, Matthiesen AS, Eneroth P, Uvnas-Moberg K, Werner S, et al. Short-term effects of early suckling and touch of the nipple on maternal behavior. Early Human Development. 1990;21:153–63.
    1. Widstrom AM, Lilja G, Aaltomaa-Michalias P, Dahllof A, Lintula M, Nissen E. Newborn behaviour to locate the breast when skin-to-skin: a possible method for enabling early self-regulation. Acta Paediatrica. 2011;Vol. 100:79–85.
    1. Winberg J. Examining breast-feeding performance: forgotten influencing factors. Acta Paediatrica. 1995;84:465–7.
    1. Winberg J. Mother and newborn baby: mutual regulation of physiology and behavior--a selective review. Developmental Psychobiology. 2005;47(3):217–29.
    1. Ziabreva I, Poeggel G, Schnabel R, Braun K. Separation-induced receptor changes in the hippocampus and amygdala of Octodon degus: influence of maternal vocalizations. Journal of Neuroscience. 2003;Vol. 23(issue 12):5329–36.
References to other published versions of this review
    1. Anderson GC, Moore E, Hepworth J, Bergman N. Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2003;(Issue 2) DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003519.

    1. * Indicates the major publication for the study

Source: PubMed

Szponzorok és közreműködők

Egészségi állapot

Kábítószer-beavatkozások

3
Iratkozz fel