Economic Burden of Postoperative Neurocognitive Disorders Among US Medicare Patients
M Dustin Boone, Brian Sites, Friedrich M von Recklinghausen, Ariel Mueller, Andreas H Taenzer, Shahzad Shaefi, M Dustin Boone, Brian Sites, Friedrich M von Recklinghausen, Ariel Mueller, Andreas H Taenzer, Shahzad Shaefi
Abstract
Importance: Postoperative neurocognitive disorders (PNDs) after surgical procedures are common and may be associated with increased health care expenditures.
Objective: To quantify the economic burden associated with a PND diagnosis in 1 year following surgical treatment among older patients in the United States.
Design, setting, and participants: This retrospective cohort study used claims data from the Bundled Payments for Care Improvement Advanced Model from 4285 hospitals that submitted Medicare Fee-for-service (FFS) claims between January 2013 and December 2016. All Medicare patients aged 65 years or older who underwent an inpatient hospital admission associated with a surgical procedure, did not experience a PND before index admission, and were not undergoing dialysis or concurrently enrolled in Medicaid were included. Data were analyzed from October 2019 and May 2020.
Exposures: PND, defined as an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth or Tenth Revision, diagnosis of delirium, mild cognitive impairment, or dementia within 1 year of discharge from the index surgical admission.
Main outcomes and measures: The primary outcome was total inflation-adjusted Medicare postacute care payments within 1 year after the index surgical procedure.
Results: A total of 2 380 473 patients (mean [SD] age, 75.36 (7.31) years; 1 336 736 [56.1%] women) who underwent surgical procedures were included, of whom 44 974 patients (1.9%) were diagnosed with a PND. Among all patients, most were White (2 142 157 patients [90.0%]), presenting for orthopedic surgery (1 523 782 patients [64.0%]) in urban medical centers (2 179 893 patients [91.6%]) that were private nonprofits (1 798 749 patients [75.6%]). Patients with a PND, compared with those without a PND, experienced a significantly longer hospital length of stay (mean [SD], 5.91 [6.01] days vs 4.29 [4.18] days; P < .001), were less likely to be discharged home (9947 patients [22.1%] vs 914 925 patients [39.2%]; P < .001), and had a higher incidence of mortality at 1 year after treatment (4580 patients [10.2%] vs 103 767 patients [4.4%]; P < .001). After adjusting for patient and hospital characteristics, the presence of a PND within 1 year of the index procedure was associated with an increase of $17 275 (95% CI, $17 058-$17 491) in cost in the 1-year postadmission period (P < .001).
Conclusions and relevance: The findings of this cohort study suggest that among older Medicare patients undergoing surgical treatment, a diagnosis of a PND was associated with an increase in health care costs for up to 1 year following the surgical procedure. Given the magnitude of this cost burden, PNDs represent an appealing target for risk mitigation and improvement in value-based health care.
Conflict of interest statement
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Sites reported serving as the editor-in-chief of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. No other disclosures were reported.
Figures
References
- Mahanna-Gabrielli E, Schenning KJ, Eriksson LI, et al. . State of the clinical science of perioperative brain health: report from the American Society of Anesthesiologists Brain Health Initiative Summit 2018. Br J Anaesth. 2019;123(4):464-478. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2019.07.004
- Rudolph JL, Marcantonio ER. Review articles: postoperative delirium: acute change with long-term implications. Anesth Analg. 2011;112(5):1202-1211. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182147f6d
- Rasmussen LS, Larsen K, Houx P, Skovgaard LT, Hanning CD, Moller JT; The International Study of Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction Group . The assessment of postoperative cognitive function. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2001;45(3):275-289. doi:10.1034/j.1399-6576.2001.045003275.x
- Abildstrom H, Rasmussen LS, Rentowl P, et al. ; International Study of Post-Operative Cognitive Dysfunction Group . Cognitive dysfunction 1-2 years after non-cardiac surgery in the elderly. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2000;44(10):1246-1251. doi:10.1034/j.1399-6576.2000.441010.x
- Moller JT, Cluitmans P, Rasmussen LS, et al. ; International Study of Post-Operative Cognitive Dysfunction Group . Long-term postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the elderly ISPOCD1 study. Lancet. 1998;351(9106):857-861. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)07382-0
- Daiello LA, Racine AM, Yun Gou R, et al. ; SAGES Study Group . Postoperative delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction: overlap and divergence. Anesthesiology. 2019;131(3):477-491. doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000002729
- Hshieh TT, Saczynski J, Gou RY, et al. ; SAGES Study Group . Trajectory of functional recovery after postoperative delirium in elective surgery. Ann Surg. 2017;265(4):647-653. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000001952
- Eckenhoff RG, Maze M, Xie Z, et al. . Perioperative neurocognitive disorder: state of the preclinical science. Anesthesiology. 2020;132(1):55-68. doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000002956
- Evered L, Silbert B, Knopman DS, et al. ; Nomenclature Consensus Working Group . Recommendations for the nomenclature of cognitive change associated with anaesthesia and surgery-2018. Br J Anaesth. 2018;121(5):1005-1012. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2017.11.087
- American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Number of all listed procedures for discharges from short-stay hospitals, by procedure category and age. Accessed June 24, 2020.
- Demeure MJ, Fain MJ. The elderly surgical patient and postoperative delirium. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;203(5):752-757. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2006.07.032
- Steinmetz J, Christensen KB, Lund T, Lohse N, Rasmussen LS; ISPOCD Group . Long-term consequences of postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Anesthesiology. 2009;110(3):548-555. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e318195b569
- Devore EE, Fong TG, Marcantonio ER, et al. . Prediction of long-term cognitive decline following postoperative delirium in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2017;72(12):1697-1702. doi:10.1093/gerona/glx030
- Fineberg SJ, Nandyala SV, Marquez-Lara A, Oglesby M, Patel AA, Singh K. Incidence and risk factors for postoperative delirium after lumbar spine surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2013;38(20):1790-1796. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e3182a0d507
- Witlox J, Eurelings LSM, de Jonghe JFM, Kalisvaart KJ, Eikelenboom P, van Gool WA. Delirium in elderly patients and the risk of postdischarge mortality, institutionalization, and dementia: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2010;304(4):443-451. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.1013
- Raats JW, van Eijsden WA, Crolla RMPH, Steyerberg EW, van der Laan L. Risk factors and outcomes for postoperative delirium after major surgery in elderly patients. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0136071. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0136071
- World Health Organization International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9). World Health Organization; 1977.
- World Health Organization International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10). World Health Organization; 1992.
- Health Resources and Services Administration CPI adjustment table. Accessed June 24, 2020.
- Berian JR, Zhou L, Russell MM, et al. . Postoperative delirium as a target for surgical quality improvement. Ann Surg. 2018;268(1):93-99. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000002436
- Leslie DL, Marcantonio ER, Zhang Y, Leo-Summers L, Inouye SK. One-year health care costs associated with delirium in the elderly population. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(1):27-32. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2007.4
- Franco K, Litaker D, Locala J, Bronson D. The cost of delirium in the surgical patient. Psychosomatics. 2001;42(1):68-73. doi:10.1176/appi.psy.42.1.68
- Hshieh TT, Yue J, Oh E, et al. . Effectiveness of multicomponent nonpharmacological delirium interventions: a meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175(4):512-520. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.7779
- Potter BJ, Thompson C, Green P, et al. . Incremental cost and length of stay associated with postprocedure delirium in transcatheter and surgical aortic valve replacement patients in the United States. PLoS One. 2010;10(6):443-451. doi:10.1002/ccd.28014
- Makary MA, Segev DL, Pronovost PJ, et al. . Frailty as a predictor of surgical outcomes in older patients. J Am Coll Surg. 2010;210(6):901-908. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2010.01.028
- Aranake-Chrisinger A, Cheng JZ, Muench MR, et al. . Ability of postoperative delirium to predict intermediate-term postoperative cognitive function in patients undergoing elective surgery at an academic medical centre: protocol for a prospective cohort study. BMJ Open. 2018;8(3):e017079. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017079
- Berger M, Schenning KJ, Brown CH IV, et al. ; Perioperative Neurotoxicity Working Group . Best practices for postoperative brain health: recommendations from the fifth international perioperative neurotoxicity working group. Anesth Analg. 2018;127(6):1406-1413. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000003841
- Inouye SK, Bogardus ST Jr, Charpentier PA, et al. . A multicomponent intervention to prevent delirium in hospitalized older patients. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(9):669-676. doi:10.1056/NEJM199903043400901
- Leslie DL, Zhang Y, Bogardus ST, Holford TR, Leo-Summers LS, Inouye SK. Consequences of preventing delirium in hospitalized older adults on nursing home costs. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(3):405-409. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53156.x
- Rubin FH, Neal K, Fenlon K, Hassan S, Inouye SK. Sustainability and scalability of the hospital elder life program at a community hospital. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59(2):359-365. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.03243.x
- Rizzuto D, Feldman AL, Karlsson IK, Dahl Aslan AK, Gatz M, Pedersen NL. Detection of dementia cases in two swedish health registers: a validation study. J Alzheimers Dis. 2018;61(4):1301-1310. doi:10.3233/JAD-170572
- Kim DH, Lee J, Kim CA, et al. . Evaluation of algorithms to identify delirium in administrative claims and drug utilization database. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2017;26(8):945-953. doi:10.1002/pds.4226
- Katznelson R, Djaiani G, Tait G, et al. . Hospital administrative database underestimates delirium rate after cardiac surgery. Can J Anaesth. 2010;57(10):898-902. doi:10.1007/s12630-010-9355-8
- Kelley A. The burden of healthcare costs in the last five years of life. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2016;51(2):352-353. doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2015.12.199
- Berger M, Nadler JW, Browndyke J, et al. . Postoperative cognitive dysfunction: minding the gaps in our knowledge of a common postoperative complication in the elderly. Anesthesiol Clin. 2015;33(3):517-550. doi:10.1016/j.anclin.2015.05.008
Source: PubMed