The emerging role of microRNAs in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection

Rasoul Mirzaei, Farzad Mahdavi, Fariba Badrzadeh, Seyed Reza Hosseini-Fard, Maryam Heidary, Ali Salimi Jeda, Tayeb Mohammadi, Mahdane Roshani, Rasoul Yousefimashouf, Hossein Keyvani, Mohammad Darvishmotevalli, Melika Zarei Sani, Sajad Karampoor, Rasoul Mirzaei, Farzad Mahdavi, Fariba Badrzadeh, Seyed Reza Hosseini-Fard, Maryam Heidary, Ali Salimi Jeda, Tayeb Mohammadi, Mahdane Roshani, Rasoul Yousefimashouf, Hossein Keyvani, Mohammad Darvishmotevalli, Melika Zarei Sani, Sajad Karampoor

Abstract

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has imposed significant public health problems for the human populations worldwide after the 1918 influenza A virus (IVA) (H1N1) pandemic. Although numerous efforts have been made to unravel the mechanisms underlying the coronavirus, a notable gap remains in our perception of the COVID-19 pathogenesis. The innate and adaptive immune systems have a pivotal role in the fate of viral infections, such as COVID-19 pandemic. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known as short noncoding RNA molecules and appear as indispensable governors of almost any cellular means. Several lines of evidence demonstrate that miRNAs participate in essential mechanisms of cell biology, regulation of the immune system, and the onset and progression of numerous types of disorders. The immune responses to viral respiratory infections (VRIs), including influenza virus (IV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and rhinovirus (RV), are correlated with the ectopic expression of miRNAs. Alterations of the miRNA expression in epithelial cells may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic and acute airway infections. Hence, analyzing the role of these types of nucleotides in antiviral immune responses and the characterization of miRNA target genes might contribute to understanding the mechanisms of the interplay between the host and viruses, and in the future, potentially result in discovering therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of acute COVID-19 infection. In this article, we present a general review of current studies concerning the function of miRNAs in different VRIs, particularly in coronavirus infection, and address all available therapeutic prospects to mitigate the burden of viral infections.

Keywords: COVID-19; Immune response; MicroRNAs; Respiratory viruses; SARS-CoV-2.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
The antiviral immune response and role of miRNAs. TLR, Toll-like receptor; RIG1, Retinoic acid-inducible gene I; MAD5, melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5; Mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein; TRAF3, TNF receptor-associated factor3; TRAF6, TNF receptor-associated factor6; IKK, IκB kinase; TANK-binding kinase 1; IRF3, Interferon regulatory factor 3; IFN, Interferon; IFNAR1, interferon-α/β receptor 1; STAT1, Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1; STAT2, Signal transducer and activator of transcription 2; IRF9, Interferon regulatory factor 9; ISG, interferon-stimulated gene; miRNAs, microRNAs.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Cellular activation following respiratory syncytial virus infection. JAK/STAT, Janus kinase/Signal transducer and activator of transcription; NF-KB, nuclear factor-kappa B; IFN, Interferon; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus.

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Source: PubMed

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