Potential regenerative rehabilitation technology: implications of mechanical stimuli to tissue health

Colleen L McHenry, Jason Wu, Richard K Shields, Colleen L McHenry, Jason Wu, Richard K Shields

Abstract

Background: Mechanical loads induced through muscle contraction, vibration, or compressive forces are thought to modulate tissue plasticity. With the emergence of regenerative medicine, there is a need to understand the optimal mechanical environment (vibration, load, or muscle force) that promotes cellular health. To our knowledge no mechanical system has been proposed to deliver these isolated mechanical stimuli in human tissue. We present the design, performance, and utilization of a new technology that may be used to study localized mechanical stimuli on human tissues. A servo-controlled vibration and limb loading system were developed and integrated into a single instrument to deliver vibration, compression, or muscle contractile loads to a single limb (tibia) in humans. The accuracy, repeatability, transmissibility, and safety of the mechanical delivery system were evaluated on eight individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI).

Findings: The limb loading system was linear, repeatable, and accurate to less than 5, 1, and 1 percent of full scale, respectively, and transmissibility was excellent. The between session tests on individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) showed high intra-class correlations (>0.9).

Conclusions: All tests supported that therapeutic loads can be delivered to a lower limb (tibia) in a safe, accurate, and measureable manner. Future collaborations between engineers and cellular physiologists will be important as research programs strive to determine the optimal mechanical environment for developing cells and tissues in humans.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic of the vibration system. The power amplifier and field power supply generate power for the system and supply the shaker and the cooling fan. An accelerometer is attached to the shaker and controller creating a feedback loop to control the frequency and magnitude of vibration.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Schematic of the compression system. The mechanical portion consists of a series of hardware components which regulate the amount of air pressure delivered to the air cylinder and subsequently the load applied to the human tibia. The electrical system provides power to many of the mechanical components and links them to the data acquisition (DAQ) board. The personal computer (PC) and the DAQ board control the compression system and allow the user to program the compressive system.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Vibration and compression system. A) A participant seated in the adjustable wheelchair with the lower limb secured to custom designed compression frame which is fixed to the vibration shaker. The cabinet rack houses the compression hardware, DAQ board, computer, vibration controller, field power supply, and power amplifier. B-D) The output of the B) vibration, C) compression, and D) the two systems together was measured for 10 seconds or 1 cycle.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Acceleration of the vibration platform. A-C) Magnitude of acceleration in the x, y, and z directions are shown. As designed, virtually all of the vibration occurs in the vertical or z direction with minimal acceleration in the axes parallel to the platform. D-F) Fast Fourier transform of the vibration signal confirms that the frequency content of the vibration is desired frequency of 30 Hz. It also demonstrated that the z-direction contained most of the frequency content.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Transmissibility of the vibration. The transmissibility of the vibration signal was calculated as a ratio of the anatomical landmark RMS to the RMS of the platform. An accelerometer was place on the tibia and femur of the vibrated and unvibrated leg as well as the head. A transmissibility of 1.0 indicates that the acceleration of the anatomical site is equal to the vibration platform.

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