Fit for School Study protocol: early child growth, health behaviours, nutrition, cardiometabolic risk and developmental determinants of a child's school readiness, a prospective cohort

Catherine S Birken, Jessica A Omand, Kim M Nurse, Cornelia M Borkhoff, Christine Koroshegyi, Gerald Lebovic, Jonathon L Maguire, Muhammad Mamdani, Patricia C Parkin, Janis Randall Simpson, Mark S Tremblay, Eric Duku, Caroline Reid-Westoby, Magdalena Janus, TARGet Kids! Collaboration, Catherine S Birken, Jonathon L Maguire, Ronald Cohn, Eddy Lau, Andreas Laupacis, Patricia C Parkin, Michael Salter, Peter Szatmari, Shannon Weir, Laura N Anderson, Cornelia M Borkhoff, Charles Keown-Stoneman, Christine Kowal, Dalah Mason, Murtala Abdurrahman, Kelly Anderson, Gordon Arbess, Jillian Baker, Tony Barozzino, Sylvie Bergeron, Dimple Bhagat, Gary Bloch, Joey Bonifacio, Ashna Bowry, Caroline Calpin, Douglas Campbell, Sohail Cheema, Elaine Cheng, Brian Chisamore, Evelyn Constantin, Karoon Danayan, Paul Das, Mary Beth Derocher, Anh Do, Kathleen Doukas, Anne Egger, Allison Farber, Amy Freedman, Sloane Freeman, Sharon Gazeley, Charlie Guiang, Dan Ha, Curtis Handford, Laura Hanson, Leah Harrington, Sheila Jacobson, Lukasz Jagiello, Gwen Jansz, Paul Kadar, Florence Kim, Tara Kiran, Holly Knowles, Bruce Kwok, Sheila Lakhoo, Margarita Lam-Antoniades, Eddy Lau, Denis Leduc, Fok-Han Leung, Alan Li, Patricia Li, Jessica Malach, Roy Male, Vashti Mascoll, Aleks Meret, Elise Mok, Rosemary Moodie, Maya Nader, Katherine Nash, Sharon Naymark, James Owen, Michael Peer, Kifi Pena, Marty Perlmutar, Navindra Persaud, Andrew Pinto, Michelle Porepa, Vikky Qi, Nasreen Ramji, Noor Ramji, Danyaal Raza, Alana Rosenthal, Katherine Rouleau, Caroline Ruderman, Janet Saunderson, Vanna Schiralli, Michael Sgro, Hafiz Shuja, Susan Shepherd, Barbara Smiltnieks, Cinntha Srikanthan, Carolyn Taylor, Stephen Treherne, Suzanne Turner, Fatima Uddin, Meta van den Heuvel, Joanne Vaughan, Thea Weisdorf, Sheila Wijayasinghe, Peter Wong, John Yaremko, Ethel Ying, Elizabeth Young, Michael Zajdman, Farnaz Bazeghi, Vincent Bouchard, Marivic Bustos, Charmaine Camacho, Dharma Dalwadi, Christine Koroshegyi, Tarandeep Malhi, Sharon Thadani, Julia Thompson, Laurie Thompson, Mary Aglipay, Imaan Bayoumi, Sarah Carsley, Katherine Cost, Karen Eny, Theresa Kim, Laura Kinlin, Jessica Omand, Shelley Vanderhout, Leigh Vanderloo, Christopher Allen, Bryan Boodhoo, Olivia Chan, David W H Dai, Judith Hall, Peter Juni, Gerald Lebovic, Karen Pope, Kevin Thorpe, Rita Kandel, Michelle Rodrigues, Hilde Vandenberghe, Magdalena Janus, Eric Duku, Caroline Reid-Westoby, Patricia Raso, Amanda Offord, Catherine S Birken, Jessica A Omand, Kim M Nurse, Cornelia M Borkhoff, Christine Koroshegyi, Gerald Lebovic, Jonathon L Maguire, Muhammad Mamdani, Patricia C Parkin, Janis Randall Simpson, Mark S Tremblay, Eric Duku, Caroline Reid-Westoby, Magdalena Janus, TARGet Kids! Collaboration, Catherine S Birken, Jonathon L Maguire, Ronald Cohn, Eddy Lau, Andreas Laupacis, Patricia C Parkin, Michael Salter, Peter Szatmari, Shannon Weir, Laura N Anderson, Cornelia M Borkhoff, Charles Keown-Stoneman, Christine Kowal, Dalah Mason, Murtala Abdurrahman, Kelly Anderson, Gordon Arbess, Jillian Baker, Tony Barozzino, Sylvie Bergeron, Dimple Bhagat, Gary Bloch, Joey Bonifacio, Ashna Bowry, Caroline Calpin, Douglas Campbell, Sohail Cheema, Elaine Cheng, Brian Chisamore, Evelyn Constantin, Karoon Danayan, Paul Das, Mary Beth Derocher, Anh Do, Kathleen Doukas, Anne Egger, Allison Farber, Amy Freedman, Sloane Freeman, Sharon Gazeley, Charlie Guiang, Dan Ha, Curtis Handford, Laura Hanson, Leah Harrington, Sheila Jacobson, Lukasz Jagiello, Gwen Jansz, Paul Kadar, Florence Kim, Tara Kiran, Holly Knowles, Bruce Kwok, Sheila Lakhoo, Margarita Lam-Antoniades, Eddy Lau, Denis Leduc, Fok-Han Leung, Alan Li, Patricia Li, Jessica Malach, Roy Male, Vashti Mascoll, Aleks Meret, Elise Mok, Rosemary Moodie, Maya Nader, Katherine Nash, Sharon Naymark, James Owen, Michael Peer, Kifi Pena, Marty Perlmutar, Navindra Persaud, Andrew Pinto, Michelle Porepa, Vikky Qi, Nasreen Ramji, Noor Ramji, Danyaal Raza, Alana Rosenthal, Katherine Rouleau, Caroline Ruderman, Janet Saunderson, Vanna Schiralli, Michael Sgro, Hafiz Shuja, Susan Shepherd, Barbara Smiltnieks, Cinntha Srikanthan, Carolyn Taylor, Stephen Treherne, Suzanne Turner, Fatima Uddin, Meta van den Heuvel, Joanne Vaughan, Thea Weisdorf, Sheila Wijayasinghe, Peter Wong, John Yaremko, Ethel Ying, Elizabeth Young, Michael Zajdman, Farnaz Bazeghi, Vincent Bouchard, Marivic Bustos, Charmaine Camacho, Dharma Dalwadi, Christine Koroshegyi, Tarandeep Malhi, Sharon Thadani, Julia Thompson, Laurie Thompson, Mary Aglipay, Imaan Bayoumi, Sarah Carsley, Katherine Cost, Karen Eny, Theresa Kim, Laura Kinlin, Jessica Omand, Shelley Vanderhout, Leigh Vanderloo, Christopher Allen, Bryan Boodhoo, Olivia Chan, David W H Dai, Judith Hall, Peter Juni, Gerald Lebovic, Karen Pope, Kevin Thorpe, Rita Kandel, Michelle Rodrigues, Hilde Vandenberghe, Magdalena Janus, Eric Duku, Caroline Reid-Westoby, Patricia Raso, Amanda Offord

Abstract

Introduction: School readiness is a multidimensional construct that includes cognitive, behavioural and emotional aspects of a child's development. School readiness is strongly associated with a child's future school success and well-being. The Early Development Instrument (EDI) is a reliable and valid teacher-completed tool for assessing school readiness in children at kindergarten age. A substantial knowledge gap exists in understanding how early child growth, health behaviours, nutrition, cardiometabolic risk and development impact school readiness. The primary objective was to determine if growth patterns, measured by body mass index trajectories in healthy children aged 0-5 years, are associated with school readiness at ages 4-6 years (kindergarten age). Secondary objectives were to determine if other health trajectories, including health behaviours, nutrition, cardiometabolic risk and development, are associated with school readiness at ages 4-6 years. This paper presents the Fit for School Study protocol.

Methods and analysis: This is an ongoing prospective cohort study. Parents of children enrolled in the The Applied Health Research Group for Kids (TARGet Kids!) practice-based research network are invited to participate in the Fit for School Study. Child growth, health behaviours, nutrition, cardiometabolic risk and development data are collected annually at health supervision visits and linked to EDI data collected by schools. The primary and secondary analyses will use a two-stage process: (1) latent class growth models will be used to first determine trajectory groups, and (2) generalised linear mixed models will be used to examine the relationship between exposures and EDI results.

Ethics and dissemination: The research ethics boards at The Hospital for Sick Children, Unity Health Toronto and McMaster University approved this study, and research ethics approval was obtained from each school board with a student participating in the study. The findings will be presented locally, nationally and internationally and will be published in peer-reviewed journals.

Trial registration number: NCT01869530.

Keywords: EDI; body mass index; brain development; early development instrument; kindergarten; school readiness.

Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: JLM received an unrestricted research grant for a completed investigator-initiated study from the Dairy Farmers of Canada (2011–2012) and Ddrops provided non-financial support (vitamin D supplements) for an investigator-initiated study on vitamin D and respiratory tract infections (2011–2015). PP received unrestricted research grants for completed investigator-initiated studies from Danone Institute of Canada (2002–2004 and 2006–2009), Dairy Farmers of Ontario (2008–2010) and Mead Johnson Nutrition provided non-financial support (Fer-In-Sol liquid iron supplement) (2011–2017) for an ongoing investigator-initiated trial of iron deficiency in young children that was funded by Canadian Institutes of Health Research (FRN # 115059). CBi received a research grant from the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Foundation (CAMH 2017-2020). CBo reports previously receiving a grant for a completed investigator-initiated study from the SickKids Centre for Health Active Kids (CHAK) (2015–2016) involving the development and validation of a risk stratification tool to identify young asymptomatic children at risk of iron deficiency. These agencies had no role in the design, collection, analyses or interpretation of the results of this study or in the preparation, review or approval of the manuscript. All other authors declare no conflicts of interest.

© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The process of Fit for School Study recruitment and data collection. Note: the alternative stream was developed to avoid asking the teachers to complete the EDI twice. *, school board, school name and teacher’s name; **, date of birth, sex and postal code; ***, EDI collected by all SK teachers in publicly funded school districts in Ontario during provincial implementation years (3-year cycles). EDI, Early Development Instrument; JK, junior kindergarten or year 1; OCCS, Offord Centre for Child Studies; SK, senior kindergarten or year 2.

References

    1. Brown RS, Parekh G. The intersection of disability, achievement, and equity: a system review of special education in the TDSB. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Toronto District School Board, 2013.
    1. Constante K. Strong roots, bright futures: the promise of education and early human development. An interview with Fraser mustard. Ontario Ministry of Education 2010;111:1–8.
    1. Guttmann A, Manuel D, Dick PT, et al. . Volume matters: physician practice characteristics and immunization coverage among young children insured through a universal health plan. Pediatrics 2006;117:595–602. 10.1542/peds.2004-2784
    1. Janus M, Offord DR. Development and psychometric properties of the early development instrument (EDI): a measure of children's school readiness. Can J Behav Sci 2007;39:1–22. 10.1037/cjbs2007001
    1. Janus M, Gaskin A. School readiness. Encyclopedia of quality of life research. New York: Springer, 2014.
    1. Mashburn AJ, Pianta RC. Social relationships and school readiness. Early Education & Development 2006;17:151–76. 10.1207/s15566935eed1701_7
    1. Murphy DA, Burns CE. Development of a comprehensive community assessment of school readiness. Early Childhood Research and Practice 2002;4:1–15.
    1. Britto PR, Rana AJ, Wright C. School readiness: a conceptual framework, 2012.
    1. Keating DP, Hertzman C. Developmental health and the wealth of nations. New York, NY, US: The Guildford Press, 1999.
    1. Cushon JA, Vu LTH, Janzen BL, et al. . Neighborhood poverty impacts children's physical health and well-being over time: evidence from the early development instrument. Early Education & Development 2011;22:183–205. 10.1080/10409280902915861
    1. Guhn M, Gadermann A, Zumbo BD. Does the EDI measure school readiness in the same way across different groups of children? Early Education & Development 2007;18:453–72. 10.1080/10409280701610838
    1. Forer B, Zumbo BD. Validation of multilevel constructs: validation methods and empirical findings for the EDI. Soc Indic Res 2011;103:231–65. 10.1007/s11205-011-9844-3
    1. Duku E, Janus M, Brinkman S. Investigation of the cross-national equivalence of a measurement of early child development. Child Indic Res 2015;8:471–89. 10.1007/s12187-014-9249-3
    1. Curtin M, Madden J, Staines A, et al. . Determinants of vulnerability in early childhood development in Ireland: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2013;3:e002387–9. 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002387
    1. Guhn M, Gadermann AM, Almas A, et al. . Associations of teacher-rated social, emotional, and cognitive development in kindergarten to self-reported wellbeing, peer relations, and academic test scores in middle childhood. Early Child Res Q 2016;35:76–84. 10.1016/j.ecresq.2015.12.027
    1. Brinkman S, Gregory T, Harris J, et al. . Associations between the early development instrument at age 5, and reading and Numeracy skills at ages 8, 10 and 12: a prospective linked data study. Child Indic Res 2013;6:695–708. 10.1007/s12187-013-9189-3
    1. Forget-Dubois N, Lemelin J-P, Boivin M, et al. . Predicting early school achievement with the EDI: a longitudinal population-based study. Early Education & Development 2007;18:405–26. 10.1080/10409280701610796
    1. Fuller S. Early development instrument – data collection in 2017-18, 2017.
    1. Felitti V. Reverse alchemy in childhood: turning gold into lead. Health Alert 2011;8.
    1. Heckman JJ, Dodge D, et al. , Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development . Importance of early childhood development, 2011. Available:
    1. Hanly M, Falster K, Chambers G, et al. . Gestational age and child development at age five in a population-based cohort of Australian Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2018;32:114–25. 10.1111/ppe.12426
    1. Chittleborough CR, Searle AK, Smithers LG, et al. . How well can poor child development be predicted from early life characteristics?: a whole-of-population data linkage study. Early Childhood Research Quarterly 2016;35:19–30.
    1. Santos R, Brownell M, Ekuma O, et al. . The Early Development Instrument (EDI) in Manitoba: Linking socioeconomic adversity and biological vulnerability at birth to children’s outcomes at age 5. Winnipeg, MB: Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, 2012.
    1. Kull MA, Coley RL. Early physical health conditions and school readiness skills in a prospective birth cohort of U.S. children. Soc Sci Med 2015;142:145–53. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.08.030
    1. Maitra K, Park HY, Eggenberger J, et al. . Difficulty in mental, neuromusculoskeletal, and movement-related school functions associated with low birthweight or preterm birth: a meta-analysis. Am J Occup Ther 2014;68:140–8. 10.5014/ajot.2014.009985
    1. Bisset S, Fournier M, Pagani L, et al. . Predicting academic and cognitive outcomes from weight status trajectories during childhood. Int J Obes 2013;37:154–9. 10.1038/ijo.2012.106
    1. Varella MH, Moss WJ. Early growth patterns are associated with intelligence quotient scores in children born small-for-gestational age. Early Hum Dev 2015;91:491–7. 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2015.06.002
    1. Olson LM, Inkelas M, Halfon N, et al. . Overview of the content of health supervision for young children: reports from parents and pediatricians. Pediatrics 2004;113:1907–16.
    1. Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care Obesity in children (2015): summary of recommendations for clinicians and policy-makers, 2018. Available:
    1. Grossman DC, Bibbins-Domingo K, Curry SJ, et al. . Screening for obesity in children and adolescents: US preventive services Task force recommendation statement. JAMA 2017;317:2417–26. 10.1001/jama.2017.6803
    1. Marchand V. Promoting optimal monitoring of child growth in Canada: Using the new World Health Organization growth charts - Executive Summary. Paediatr Child Health 2010;15:77–9. 10.1093/pch/15.2.77
    1. Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care Recommendations for growth monitoring, and prevention and management of overweight and obesity in children and youth in primary care. CMAJ 2015;187:411–21. 10.1503/cmaj.141285
    1. Shields M. Overweight and obesity among children and youth. Health Rep 2006;17:27–42.
    1. Canning PM, Courage ML, Frizzell LM. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in a provincial population of Canadian preschool children. Can Med Assoc J 2004;171:240–2. 10.1503/cmaj.1040075
    1. Whitaker RC, Wright JA, Pepe MS, et al. . Predicting obesity in young adulthood from childhood and parental obesity. N Engl J Med 1997;337:869–73. 10.1056/NEJM199709253371301
    1. Hubert HB, Feinleib M, McNamara PM, et al. . Obesity as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease: a 26-year follow-up of participants in the Framingham heart study. Circulation 1983;67:968–77. 10.1161/01.CIR.67.5.968
    1. Steinberger J, Moran A, Hong CP, et al. . Adiposity in childhood predicts obesity and insulin resistance in young adulthood. J Pediatr 2001;138:469–73. 10.1067/mpd.2001.112658
    1. Janssen I, Katzmarzyk PT, Srinivasan SR, et al. . Utility of childhood BMI in the prediction of adulthood disease: comparison of national and international references. Obes Res 2005;13:1106–15. 10.1038/oby.2005.129
    1. Freedman DS, Khan LK, Serdula MK, et al. . Inter-Relationships among childhood BMI, childhood height, and adult obesity: the Bogalusa heart study. Int J Obes 2004;28:10–16. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802544
    1. Sinaiko AR, Donahue RP, Jacobs DR, et al. . Relation of weight and rate of increase in weight during childhood and adolescence to body size, blood pressure, fasting insulin, and lipids in young adults. The Minneapolis children's blood pressure study. Circulation 1999;99:1471–6. 10.1161/01.CIR.99.11.1471
    1. Nicklas TA, Hayes D, American Dietetic Association . Position of the American dietetic association: nutrition guidance for healthy children ages 2 to 11 years. J Am Diet Assoc 2008;108:1038–47. 10.1016/j.jada.2008.04.005
    1. Carsley S, Tu K, Parkin PC, et al. . Overweight and obesity in preschool aged children and risk of mental health service utilization. Int J Obes 2019;43:1325-1333 10.1038/s41366-018-0280-1
    1. Smith E, Hay P, Campbell L, et al. . A review of the association between obesity and cognitive function across the lifespan: implications for novel approaches to prevention and treatment. Obes Rev 2011;12:740–55. 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00920.x
    1. Jeong S-K, Nam H-S, Son M-H, et al. . Interactive effect of obesity indexes on cognition. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2005;19:91–6. 10.1159/000082659
    1. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Early Child Care Research Network A day in third grade: a Large‐Scale study of classroom quality and teacher and student behavior. Elem Sch J 2005;105:305–23. 10.1086/428746
    1. Whitehouse AJO, Holt BJ, Serralha M, et al. . Maternal serum vitamin D levels during pregnancy and offspring neurocognitive development. Pediatrics 2012;129:485–93. 10.1542/peds.2011-2644
    1. Pearce A, Scalzi D, Lynch J, et al. . Do thin, overweight and obese children have poorer development than their healthy-weight Peers at the start of school? findings from a South Australian data linkage study. Early Child Res Q 2016;35:85–94. 10.1016/j.ecresq.2015.10.007
    1. Carson V, Lee E-Y, Hewitt L, et al. . Systematic review of the relationships between physical activity and health indicators in the early years (0-4 years). BMC Public Health 2017;17:854 10.1186/s12889-017-4860-0
    1. Poitras VJ, Gray CE, Janssen X, et al. . Systematic review of the relationships between sedentary behaviour and health indicators in the early years (0-4 years). BMC Public Health 2017;17:868 10.1186/s12889-017-4849-8
    1. van den Heuvel M, Ma J, Borkhoff CM, et al. . Mobile media device use is associated with expressive language delay in 18-month-old children. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2019;40:99–104. 10.1097/DBP.0000000000000630
    1. Reynaud E, Vecchierini M-F, Heude B, et al. . Sleep and its relation to cognition and behaviour in preschool-aged children of the general population: a systematic review. J Sleep Res 2018;27:e12636 10.1111/jsr.12636
    1. Tso W, Rao N, Jiang F, et al. . Sleep duration and school readiness of Chinese preschool children. J Pediatr 2016;169:266–71. 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.10.064
    1. Kuzik N, Poitras VJ, Tremblay MS, et al. . Systematic review of the relationships between combinations of movement behaviours and health indicators in the early years (0-4 years). BMC Public Health 2017;17:849 10.1186/s12889-017-4851-1
    1. Taras H. Nutrition and student performance at school. J Sch Health 2005;75:199–213. 10.1111/j.1746-1561.2005.00025.x
    1. Pollitt E, Lewis NL, Garza C, et al. . Fasting and cognitive function. J Psychiatr Res 1982;17:169–74. 10.1016/0022-3956(82)90018-8
    1. McCann JC, Ames BN. An overview of evidence for a causal relation between iron deficiency during development and deficits in cognitive or behavioral function. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:931–45. 10.1093/ajcn/85.4.931
    1. Eyles DW, Smith S, Kinobe R, et al. . Distribution of the vitamin D receptor and 1 alpha-hydroxylase in human brain. J Chem Neuroanat 2005;29:21–30. 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2004.08.006
    1. Tous M, Villalobos M, Iglesias L, et al. . Vitamin D status during pregnancy and offspring outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Eur J Clin Nutr 2019;357 10.1038/s41430-018-0373-x
    1. Elias PK, Elias MF, D'Agostino RB, et al. . Serum cholesterol and cognitive performance in the Framingham heart study. Psychosom Med 2005;67:24–30. 10.1097/01.psy.0000151745.67285.c2
    1. Muldoon MF, Ryan CM, Matthews KA, et al. . Serum cholesterol and intellectual performance. Psychosom Med 1997;59:382–7. 10.1097/00006842-199707000-00008
    1. Signore AP, Zhang F, Weng Z, et al. . Leptin neuroprotection in the CNS: mechanisms and therapeutic potentials. J Neurochem 2008;106:1977–90. 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05457.x
    1. Carsley S, Borkhoff CM, Maguire JL, et al. . Cohort profile: the applied Research Group for kids (target kids!). Int J Epidemiol 2015;44:776–88. 10.1093/ije/dyu123
    1. Randall Simpson JA, Keller HH, Rysdale LA, et al. . Nutrition screening tool for every Preschooler (NutriSTEP): validation and test-retest reliability of a parent-administered questionnaire assessing nutrition risk of preschoolers. Eur J Clin Nutr 2008;62:770–80. 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602780
    1. World Health Organization Who child growth standards: methods and development. Length/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age, 2006. Available: [Accessed 5 Oct 2018].
    1. World Health Organization Training course on child growth assessment: who child growth standards, 2008.
    1. de Onis M, Onyango AW, Borghi E, et al. . Development of a who growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents. Bull World Health Organ 2007;85:660–7. 10.2471/BLT.07.043497
    1. WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group Who child growth standards based on length/height, weight and age. Acta Paediatr Suppl 2006;450:76–85.
    1. WHO Who child growth standards SAS igrowup package. Geneva, 2011.
    1. Anderson LN, Lebovic G, Hamilton J, et al. . Body mass index, waist circumference, and the clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors in early childhood. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2016;30:160–70. 10.1111/ppe.12268
    1. Plumptre L, Anderson LN, Chen Y, et al. . Longitudinal analysis of sleep duration and cardiometabolic risk in young children. Child Obes 2017;13:291–9. 10.1089/chi.2016.0279
    1. Nipissing District Developmental Screen™ (NDDS) Tracking Your Child’s Development - Nipissing District Developmental Screen™ (NDDS), 2018. Available: [Accessed 5 Oct 2018].
    1. Prizant BM, Wetherby AM. CSBS DP™ infant-toddler checklist, 2018.
    1. Rothbart MK, Ahadi SA, Hershey KL, et al. . Investigations of temperament at three to seven years: the children's behavior questionnaire. Child Dev 2001;72:1394–408. 10.1111/1467-8624.00355
    1. Janus M, Duku E. The school entry gap: socioeconomic, family, and health factors associated with children's school readiness to learn. Early Education & Development 2007;18:375–403. 10.1080/10409280701610796a
    1. Reid LD, Strobino DM. A population-based study of school readiness determinants in a large urban public school district. Matern Child Health J 2019;23:325–34. 10.1007/s10995-018-2666-z
    1. Mollborn S, Dennis JA. Ready or not: predicting high and low school readiness among teen parents' children. Child Indic Res 2012;5:253–79. 10.1007/s12187-011-9126-2
    1. Anderson AT, Jackson A, Jones L, et al. . Minority parents' perspectives on racial socialization and school readiness in the early childhood period. Acad Pediatr 2015;15:405–11. 10.1016/j.acap.2014.11.002
    1. Koury AS, Votruba-Drzal E. School readiness of children from immigrant families: contributions of region of origin, home, and childcare. J Educ Psychol 2014;106:268–88. 10.1037/a0034374
    1. Fomby P. Family instability and school readiness in the United Kingdom. Fam Sci 2011;2:171–85. 10.1080/19424620.2011.633274
    1. Wang AH, Fitzpatrick C. Which early childhood experiences and skills predict kindergarten working memory? J Dev Behav Pediatr 2019;40:40–8. 10.1097/DBP.0000000000000610
    1. Erickson AC, Arbour LT. Heavy smoking during pregnancy as a marker for other risk factors of adverse birth outcomes: a population-based study in British Columbia, Canada. BMC Public Health 2012;12:102 10.1186/1471-2458-12-102
    1. Midouhas E, Kokosi T, Flouri E. Outdoor and indoor air quality and cognitive ability in young children. Environ Res 2018;161:321–8. 10.1016/j.envres.2017.11.026
    1. Nagin DS, Jones BL, Passos VL, et al. . Group-Based multi-trajectory modeling. Stat Methods Med Res 2018;27:2015–23. 10.1177/0962280216673085
    1. Janus M, Brinkman S, Duku E, et al. . Early development instrument: a population-based measure for communities. Ontario, 2018.
    1. Lavigne M, Birken CS, Maguire JL, et al. . Priority setting in paediatric preventive care research. Arch Dis Child 2017;102:748–53. 10.1136/archdischild-2016-312284
    1. Shah N, Parkin PC, Anderson L, et al. . Assessing the generalizability of the target kids! cohort. American public health association annual meeting and Expo, 2018.

Source: PubMed

Szponzorok és közreműködők

Egészségi állapot

Kábítószer-beavatkozások

3
Iratkozz fel