Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation for 12 Weeks Increases Resting and Exercise Metabolic Rate in Healthy Community-Dwelling Older Females

Samantha L Logan, Lawrence L Spriet, Samantha L Logan, Lawrence L Spriet

Abstract

Critical among the changes that occur with aging are decreases in muscle mass and metabolic rate and an increase in fat mass. These changes may predispose older adults to chronic disease and functional impairment; ultimately resulting in a decrease in the quality of life. Research has suggested that long chain omega-3 fatty acids, found predominantly in fatty fish, may assist in reducing these changes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of fish oil (FO) supplementation in a cohort of healthy, community-dwelling older females on 1) metabolic rate and substrate oxidation at rest and during exercise; 2) resting blood pressure and resting and exercise heart rates; 3) body composition; 4) strength and physical function, and; 5) blood measures of insulin, glucose, c-reactive protein, and triglycerides. Twenty-four females (66 ± 1 yr) were recruited and randomly assigned to receive either 3g/d of EPA and DHA or a placebo (PL, olive oil) for 12 wk. Exercise measurements were taken before and after 12 wk of supplementation and resting metabolic measures were made before and at 6 and 12 wk of supplementation. The results demonstrated that FO supplementation significantly increased resting metabolic rate by 14%, energy expenditure during exercise by 10%, and the rate of fat oxidation during rest by 19% and during exercise by 27%. In addition, FO consumption lowered triglyceride levels by 29% and increased lean mass by 4% and functional capacity by 7%, while no changes occurred in the PL group. In conclusion, FO may be a strategy to improve age-related physical and metabolic changes in healthy older females. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01734538.

Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1. Consort figure illustrating the participant…
Fig 1. Consort figure illustrating the participant flow through the study.
Fig 2. Oxygen uptake measures at rest…
Fig 2. Oxygen uptake measures at rest and during exercise at baseline (time 1 (T1); 0 wk), and after 6 (T2) and 12 wk (T3) of placebo (olive oil) or fish oil supplementation.
Significant difference within groups *at 0 and 6 wk (p = 0.003), **at 0 and 12 wk (Resting p = 0.003; Exercise p = 0.002), and between groups ++ at 12 wk (p = 0.004).
Fig 3. Metabolic measures of energy expenditure…
Fig 3. Metabolic measures of energy expenditure at rest and during exercise at baseline (time 1 (T1); 0 wk), and after 6 (T2) and 12 wk (T3) of placebo (olive oil) or fish oil supplementation.
Significant difference within groups *at 0 and 6 wk (p = 0.003), **at 0 and 12 wk (Resting p = 0.003; Exercise p = 0.006), and between groups at ++12 wk (Resting p = 0.003; Exercise p = 0.004).
Fig 4. Fat oxidation at rest and…
Fig 4. Fat oxidation at rest and during exercise at baseline (time 1 (T1); 0 wk), and after 6 (T2) and 12 wk (T3) of placebo (olive oil) or fish oil supplementation.
Significant difference within groups at ** 0 and 12 wk (Resting p = 0.003; Exercise p = 0.002), and between groups at ++12 wk (p = 0.004).

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