Derivation and validation of a prognostic model for pulmonary embolism

Abstract

Rationale: An objective and simple prognostic model for patients with pulmonary embolism could be helpful in guiding initial intensity of treatment.

Objectives: To develop a clinical prediction rule that accurately classifies patients with pulmonary embolism into categories of increasing risk of mortality and other adverse medical outcomes.

Methods: We randomly allocated 15,531 inpatient discharges with pulmonary embolism from 186 Pennsylvania hospitals to derivation (67%) and internal validation (33%) samples. We derived our prediction rule using logistic regression with 30-day mortality as the primary outcome, and patient demographic and clinical data routinely available at presentation as potential predictor variables. We externally validated the rule in 221 inpatients with pulmonary embolism from Switzerland and France.

Measurements: We compared mortality and nonfatal adverse medical outcomes across the derivation and two validation samples.

Main results: The prediction rule is based on 11 simple patient characteristics that were independently associated with mortality and stratifies patients with pulmonary embolism into five severity classes, with 30-day mortality rates of 0-1.6% in class I, 1.7-3.5% in class II, 3.2-7.1% in class III, 4.0-11.4% in class IV, and 10.0-24.5% in class V across the derivation and validation samples. Inpatient death and nonfatal complications were <or= 1.1% among patients in class I and <or= 1.9% among patients in class II.

Conclusions: Our rule accurately classifies patients with pulmonary embolism into classes of increasing risk of mortality and other adverse medical outcomes. Further validation of the rule is important before its implementation as a decision aid to guide the initial management of patients with pulmonary embolism.

Figures

Figure 1.

Receiver operating characteristic curves for 30-day mortality in the derivation and validation samples. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves were 0.78 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.77–0.80) in the derivation sample, 0.77 (95% CI, 0.75–0.79) in the internal validation sample, and 0.79 (95% CI, 0.65–0.93) in the external validation sample (derivation vs. internal validation sample, p = 0.35; derivation vs. external validation sample, p = 0.93). Solid line = derivation; dashed line = internal validation; dotted line = external validation.