Detection Methodologies for Pathogen and Toxins: A Review

Md Eshrat E Alahi, Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay, Md Eshrat E Alahi, Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay

Abstract

Pathogen and toxin-contaminated foods and beverages are a major source of illnesses, even death, and have a significant economic impact worldwide. Human health is always under a potential threat, including from biological warfare, due to these dangerous pathogens. The agricultural and food production chain consists of many steps such as harvesting, handling, processing, packaging, storage, distribution, preparation, and consumption. Each step is susceptible to threats of environmental contamination or failure to safeguard the processes. The production process can be controlled in the food and agricultural sector, where smart sensors can play a major role, ensuring greater food quality and safety by low cost, fast, reliable, and profitable methods of detection. Techniques for the detection of pathogens and toxins may vary in cost, size, and specificity, speed of response, sensitivity, and precision. Smart sensors can detect, analyse and quantify at molecular levels contents of different biological origin and ensure quality of foods against spiking with pesticides, fertilizers, dioxin, modified organisms, anti-nutrients, allergens, drugs and so on. This paper reviews different methodologies to detect pathogens and toxins in foods and beverages.

Keywords: bacterial infection; biosensors; chemical sensors; endotoxin; pathogen; smart sensors; toxin.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Steps of (a) PCR cycle and (b) DNA extraction.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Immunology-based technique using indirect ELISA, sandwich ELISA, and competitive ELISA through schematic diagrams.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Schematic of two different bioreceptors: (A) antigen and (B) nuclei acid [68].
Figure 4
Figure 4
Detection of a pathogen by the phage-based method [69].
Figure 5
Figure 5
(A) Capturing the pathogen on the sensing platform; and (B) varieties of bio-probe surface for pathogen detection [70].
Figure 6
Figure 6
(a) Stages of a biosensor; and (b) classification of biosensors for different transducers [20].
Figure 7
Figure 7
(a) Schematic diagram of a tapered optical biosensor; (b) Schematic diagram of a tapered tip optical biosensor [89].
Figure 8
Figure 8
Schematic diagram of an electrochemical biosensor. (a) Recognition molecules are immobilized on the electrode surface; (b) antigen bonds with the recognition element; and (c,d) electrical signal is generated due to the redox reaction in between the binding antigen and the recognition element [89].
Figure 9
Figure 9
Steps of nanomaterial-based biosensing of pathogen.

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