Urinary concentrations of aquaporin-1 and perilipin-2 in patients with renal cell carcinoma correlate with tumor size and stage but not grade

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the trends in urine aquaporin-1 (AQP1) and perilipin 2 (PLIN2) concentrations in patients with clear cell and papillary renal cell carcinoma (RCC), we determined the relationship between the urine concentration of these biomarkers and tumor size, grade, and stage.

Materials and methods: The biomarker concentrations were determined by sensitive and specific Western blot procedures normalized to the urine creatinine excretion. The analysis included 61 patients undergoing partial or radical nephrectomy for clear cell or papillary RCC and 43 age- and sex-matched control patients. Relationships between urine biomarker concentrations and tumor size, stage, and grade were assessed.

Results: Patients with RCC had 35-fold and 9-fold higher median urinary AQP1 and PLIN2 concentrations, respectively, compared with controls. Both tumor markers decreased after tumor resection to concentrations equivalent to those of controls. The sensitivity and specificity were both 100% for AQP1 and 92% and 100%, respectively, for PLIN2. A significant linear correlation was found between the tumor size and the prenephrectomy AQP1 (Spearman coefficient 0.78, P <.001) and PLIN2 (Spearman coefficient 0.69, P <.001) concentrations. A correlation was found for both markers with tumor stage (overall P = .030), when the stage was dependent primarily on the tumor size (stages T1 and T2), but not with stage T3, which reflected extrarenal spread. Neither marker showed a significant correlation with tumor grade.

Conclusion: AQP1 and PLIN2 were significantly increased in patients with clear cell and papillary RCC compared with controls. The preoperative urinary concentrations of these markers reflected the tumor size and stage.

Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Figures

Figure 1

Pre- and post-nephrectomy urine concentrations of AQP1 and PLIN2 in 47 patients with clear cell or papillary renal cell carcinoma.

Figure 2

Pre-nephrectomy urine concentrations of AQP1 (panels A and B) and PLIN2 (panels C and D) in 61 patients with clear cell or papillary renal cell carcinoma compared with tumor size (panels A and C) or tumor stage (panels B and D). Closed diamonds (panels A and C) indicate biomarker concentrations in patients with stage pT3 tumors. The dashed lines in panels A and C depict the linear correlation of biomarker concentration to tumor size while the polynomial correlation is depicted by the solid lines. The tumor stage analysis (B and D) includes data from 43 control patients with no known renal tumors.