Fixed foot balance training increases rectus femoris activation during landing and jump height in recreationally active women
Crystal O Kean, David G Behm, Warren B Young, Crystal O Kean, David G Behm, Warren B Young
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of fixed foot and functionally directed balance training on static balance time, muscle activation during landing, vertical jump height and sprint time. Twenty-four recreationally active females were tested pre- and post-training (fixed foot balance training, n= 11, functionally directed balance training, n = 7 and control group, n = 6). Experimental subjects completed either fixed foot or functionally directed balance exercises 4 times/week for 6 weeks. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to assess preparatory and reactive muscle activity of the rectus femoris (RF), biceps femoris (BF), and the soleus during one- and two-foot landings following a jump. Maximum vertical jump height, static balance and 20-meter sprint times were also examined. The fixed foot balance-training group showed a 33% improvement (p < 0.05) in static balance time and 9% improvement in jump height. Neither type of training improved sprint times. Further analysis revealed significant (p < 0.05) overall (data collapsed over groups and legs) increases in reactive RF activity when landing. Independently, the fixed foot balance group showed a 33% increase in reactive RF activity (p < 0.01). Overall, there was also significantly less reactive co-activation following training (p < 0.05). It appears that fixed foot balance training for recreationally active women may provide greater RF activity when landing and increased countermovement jump height. Key pointsBalance training increased rectus femoris EMG activity upon landing from a stride.Fixed foot balance training improved countermovement jump height.Neither fixed foot nor functionally directed balance training elicited changes in sprint times.
Keywords: Balance training; muscle activation; training specificity.
Figures
![Figure 1.](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/3818666/bin/jssm-05-138-g001.jpg)
Figure 2.
Reactive rectus femoris activity. *…
Figure 2.
Reactive rectus femoris activity. * p
Figure 3.
Reactive co-activation ratios. * p…
Figure 3.
Reactive co-activation ratios. * p
Figure 4.
Reactive co-activation ratios.
Figure 4.
Reactive co-activation ratios.
Figure 5.
Static balance performance. * p…
Figure 5.
Static balance performance. * p
- Effects of a 4-week plyometric training on activity patterns during different phases of one-leg drop jump with focus on jump height.Ahmadabadi S, Rjabi H, Gharakhanlou R, Talebian S, Basereh A. Ahmadabadi S, et al. Sci Rep. 2023 Jun 6;13(1):9192. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-36461-1. Sci Rep. 2023. PMID: 37280245 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
- THE INFLUENCE OF HEEL HEIGHT ON MUSCLE ELECTROMYOGRAPHY OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY DURING LANDING TASKS IN RECREATIONALLY ACTIVE FEMALES: A WITHIN SUBJECTS RANDOMIZED TRIAL.Lindenberg KM, Lefever CR, Andreyo K, Vaughan R. Lindenberg KM, et al. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2019 Dec;14(6):866-876. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2019. PMID: 31803519 Free PMC article.
- Gender-based analysis of hamstring and quadriceps muscle activation during jump landings and cutting.Ebben WP, Fauth ML, Petushek EJ, Garceau LR, Hsu BE, Lutsch BN, Feldmann CR. Ebben WP, et al. J Strength Cond Res. 2010 Feb;24(2):408-15. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c509f4. J Strength Cond Res. 2010. PMID: 20124793
- Changes in Lower-Limb Biomechanics, Soft Tissue Vibrations, and Muscle Activation During Unanticipated Bipedal Landings.Zhang S, Fu W, Liu Y. Zhang S, et al. J Hum Kinet. 2019 Jul 5;67:25-35. doi: 10.2478/hukin-2019-0003. eCollection 2019 Jun. J Hum Kinet. 2019. PMID: 31523304 Free PMC article.
- The effectiveness of resisted movement training on sprinting and jumping performance.Hrysomallis C. Hrysomallis C. J Strength Cond Res. 2012 Jan;26(1):299-306. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182185186. J Strength Cond Res. 2012. PMID: 22158137 Review.
- Neuromuscular and balance adaptations following basketball-specific training programs based on combined drop jump and multidirectional repeated sprint versus multidirectional plyometric training.Brini S, Boullosa D, Calleja-González J, Ramirez-Campillo R, Nobari H, Castagna C, Clemente FM, Ardigò LP. Brini S, et al. PLoS One. 2023 Mar 15;18(3):e0283026. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283026. eCollection 2023. PLoS One. 2023. PMID: 36921008 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
- Acute Effects of Carbon Fiber Insole on Three Aspects of Sports Performance, Lower Extremity Muscle Activity, and Subjective Comfort.Ko M, Ma T, Xiong S. Ko M, et al. Sensors (Basel). 2023 Feb 14;23(4):2154. doi: 10.3390/s23042154. Sensors (Basel). 2023. PMID: 36850749 Free PMC article.
- The Effects of Different Kinds of Smooth Pursuit Exercises on Center of Pressure and Muscle Activities during One Leg Standing.Cui Z, Tang YY, Kim MK. Cui Z, et al. Healthcare (Basel). 2022 Dec 9;10(12):2498. doi: 10.3390/healthcare10122498. Healthcare (Basel). 2022. PMID: 36554022 Free PMC article.
- Relevance and Effectiveness of Combined Resistance and Balance Training to Improve Balance and Muscular Fitness in Healthy Youth and Youth Athletes: A Scoping Review.Granacher U, Behm DG. Granacher U, et al. Sports Med. 2023 Feb;53(2):349-370. doi: 10.1007/s40279-022-01789-7. Epub 2022 Nov 15. Sports Med. 2023. PMID: 36378414 Free PMC article. Review.
- The Effects of Proprioceptive Training on Balance, Strength, Agility and Dribbling in Adolescent Male Soccer Players.Gidu DV, Badau D, Stoica M, Aron A, Focan G, Monea D, Stoica AM, Calota ND. Gidu DV, et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Feb 11;19(4):2028. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19042028. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022. PMID: 35206215 Free PMC article.
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![Figure 2.](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/3818666/bin/jssm-05-138-g002.jpg)
Figure 3.
Reactive co-activation ratios. * p…
Figure 3.
Reactive co-activation ratios. * p
Figure 4.
Reactive co-activation ratios.
Figure 4.
Reactive co-activation ratios.
Figure 5.
Static balance performance. * p…
Figure 5.
Static balance performance. * p
- Effects of a 4-week plyometric training on activity patterns during different phases of one-leg drop jump with focus on jump height.Ahmadabadi S, Rjabi H, Gharakhanlou R, Talebian S, Basereh A. Ahmadabadi S, et al. Sci Rep. 2023 Jun 6;13(1):9192. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-36461-1. Sci Rep. 2023. PMID: 37280245 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
- THE INFLUENCE OF HEEL HEIGHT ON MUSCLE ELECTROMYOGRAPHY OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY DURING LANDING TASKS IN RECREATIONALLY ACTIVE FEMALES: A WITHIN SUBJECTS RANDOMIZED TRIAL.Lindenberg KM, Lefever CR, Andreyo K, Vaughan R. Lindenberg KM, et al. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2019 Dec;14(6):866-876. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2019. PMID: 31803519 Free PMC article.
- Gender-based analysis of hamstring and quadriceps muscle activation during jump landings and cutting.Ebben WP, Fauth ML, Petushek EJ, Garceau LR, Hsu BE, Lutsch BN, Feldmann CR. Ebben WP, et al. J Strength Cond Res. 2010 Feb;24(2):408-15. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c509f4. J Strength Cond Res. 2010. PMID: 20124793
- Changes in Lower-Limb Biomechanics, Soft Tissue Vibrations, and Muscle Activation During Unanticipated Bipedal Landings.Zhang S, Fu W, Liu Y. Zhang S, et al. J Hum Kinet. 2019 Jul 5;67:25-35. doi: 10.2478/hukin-2019-0003. eCollection 2019 Jun. J Hum Kinet. 2019. PMID: 31523304 Free PMC article.
- The effectiveness of resisted movement training on sprinting and jumping performance.Hrysomallis C. Hrysomallis C. J Strength Cond Res. 2012 Jan;26(1):299-306. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182185186. J Strength Cond Res. 2012. PMID: 22158137 Review.
- Neuromuscular and balance adaptations following basketball-specific training programs based on combined drop jump and multidirectional repeated sprint versus multidirectional plyometric training.Brini S, Boullosa D, Calleja-González J, Ramirez-Campillo R, Nobari H, Castagna C, Clemente FM, Ardigò LP. Brini S, et al. PLoS One. 2023 Mar 15;18(3):e0283026. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283026. eCollection 2023. PLoS One. 2023. PMID: 36921008 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
- Acute Effects of Carbon Fiber Insole on Three Aspects of Sports Performance, Lower Extremity Muscle Activity, and Subjective Comfort.Ko M, Ma T, Xiong S. Ko M, et al. Sensors (Basel). 2023 Feb 14;23(4):2154. doi: 10.3390/s23042154. Sensors (Basel). 2023. PMID: 36850749 Free PMC article.
- The Effects of Different Kinds of Smooth Pursuit Exercises on Center of Pressure and Muscle Activities during One Leg Standing.Cui Z, Tang YY, Kim MK. Cui Z, et al. Healthcare (Basel). 2022 Dec 9;10(12):2498. doi: 10.3390/healthcare10122498. Healthcare (Basel). 2022. PMID: 36554022 Free PMC article.
- Relevance and Effectiveness of Combined Resistance and Balance Training to Improve Balance and Muscular Fitness in Healthy Youth and Youth Athletes: A Scoping Review.Granacher U, Behm DG. Granacher U, et al. Sports Med. 2023 Feb;53(2):349-370. doi: 10.1007/s40279-022-01789-7. Epub 2022 Nov 15. Sports Med. 2023. PMID: 36378414 Free PMC article. Review.
- The Effects of Proprioceptive Training on Balance, Strength, Agility and Dribbling in Adolescent Male Soccer Players.Gidu DV, Badau D, Stoica M, Aron A, Focan G, Monea D, Stoica AM, Calota ND. Gidu DV, et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Feb 11;19(4):2028. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19042028. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022. PMID: 35206215 Free PMC article.
- Full Text Sources
- Miscellaneous
NCBI Literature Resources
The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.
National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894
![Figure 3.](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/3818666/bin/jssm-05-138-g003.jpg)
Figure 4.
Reactive co-activation ratios.
Figure 4.
Reactive co-activation ratios.
Figure 5.
Static balance performance. * p…
Figure 5.
Static balance performance. * p
- Effects of a 4-week plyometric training on activity patterns during different phases of one-leg drop jump with focus on jump height.Ahmadabadi S, Rjabi H, Gharakhanlou R, Talebian S, Basereh A. Ahmadabadi S, et al. Sci Rep. 2023 Jun 6;13(1):9192. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-36461-1. Sci Rep. 2023. PMID: 37280245 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
- THE INFLUENCE OF HEEL HEIGHT ON MUSCLE ELECTROMYOGRAPHY OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY DURING LANDING TASKS IN RECREATIONALLY ACTIVE FEMALES: A WITHIN SUBJECTS RANDOMIZED TRIAL.Lindenberg KM, Lefever CR, Andreyo K, Vaughan R. Lindenberg KM, et al. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2019 Dec;14(6):866-876. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2019. PMID: 31803519 Free PMC article.
- Gender-based analysis of hamstring and quadriceps muscle activation during jump landings and cutting.Ebben WP, Fauth ML, Petushek EJ, Garceau LR, Hsu BE, Lutsch BN, Feldmann CR. Ebben WP, et al. J Strength Cond Res. 2010 Feb;24(2):408-15. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c509f4. J Strength Cond Res. 2010. PMID: 20124793
- Changes in Lower-Limb Biomechanics, Soft Tissue Vibrations, and Muscle Activation During Unanticipated Bipedal Landings.Zhang S, Fu W, Liu Y. Zhang S, et al. J Hum Kinet. 2019 Jul 5;67:25-35. doi: 10.2478/hukin-2019-0003. eCollection 2019 Jun. J Hum Kinet. 2019. PMID: 31523304 Free PMC article.
- The effectiveness of resisted movement training on sprinting and jumping performance.Hrysomallis C. Hrysomallis C. J Strength Cond Res. 2012 Jan;26(1):299-306. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182185186. J Strength Cond Res. 2012. PMID: 22158137 Review.
- Neuromuscular and balance adaptations following basketball-specific training programs based on combined drop jump and multidirectional repeated sprint versus multidirectional plyometric training.Brini S, Boullosa D, Calleja-González J, Ramirez-Campillo R, Nobari H, Castagna C, Clemente FM, Ardigò LP. Brini S, et al. PLoS One. 2023 Mar 15;18(3):e0283026. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283026. eCollection 2023. PLoS One. 2023. PMID: 36921008 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
- Acute Effects of Carbon Fiber Insole on Three Aspects of Sports Performance, Lower Extremity Muscle Activity, and Subjective Comfort.Ko M, Ma T, Xiong S. Ko M, et al. Sensors (Basel). 2023 Feb 14;23(4):2154. doi: 10.3390/s23042154. Sensors (Basel). 2023. PMID: 36850749 Free PMC article.
- The Effects of Different Kinds of Smooth Pursuit Exercises on Center of Pressure and Muscle Activities during One Leg Standing.Cui Z, Tang YY, Kim MK. Cui Z, et al. Healthcare (Basel). 2022 Dec 9;10(12):2498. doi: 10.3390/healthcare10122498. Healthcare (Basel). 2022. PMID: 36554022 Free PMC article.
- Relevance and Effectiveness of Combined Resistance and Balance Training to Improve Balance and Muscular Fitness in Healthy Youth and Youth Athletes: A Scoping Review.Granacher U, Behm DG. Granacher U, et al. Sports Med. 2023 Feb;53(2):349-370. doi: 10.1007/s40279-022-01789-7. Epub 2022 Nov 15. Sports Med. 2023. PMID: 36378414 Free PMC article. Review.
- The Effects of Proprioceptive Training on Balance, Strength, Agility and Dribbling in Adolescent Male Soccer Players.Gidu DV, Badau D, Stoica M, Aron A, Focan G, Monea D, Stoica AM, Calota ND. Gidu DV, et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Feb 11;19(4):2028. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19042028. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022. PMID: 35206215 Free PMC article.
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