Human adipose dynamics and metabolic health

Bin Feng, Tracy Zhang, Haiyan Xu, Bin Feng, Tracy Zhang, Haiyan Xu

Abstract

The two types of adipose tissue in humans, white and brown, have distinct developmental origins and functions. Human white adipose tissue plays a pivotal role in maintaining whole-body energy homeostasis by storing triglycerides when energy is in surplus, releasing free fatty acids as a fuel during energy shortage, and secreting adipokines that are important for regulating lipid and glucose metabolism. The size of white adipose mass needs to be kept at a proper set point. Dramatic expansion of white fat mass causes obesity--now become a global epidemic disease--and increases the risk for the development of many life-threatening diseases. The absence of white adipose tissue or abnormal white adipose tissue redistribution leads to lipodystrophy, a condition often associated with metabolic disorders. Brown adipose tissue is a thermogenic organ whose mass is inversely correlated with body mass index and age. Therapeutic approaches targeting adipose tissue have been proven to be effective in improving obesity-related metabolic disorders, and promising new therapies could be developed in the near future.

© 2013 New York Academy of Sciences.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Origin and adipogenesis of white and brown adipocytes. Positive regulators involved in preadipocyte commitment and terminal differentiation of white, brite, and brown adipocytes are outlined.
Figure 2
Figure 2
BAT activities in humans Top panels, BAT activities measured by FDG-PET in a normal subject and a subject exposed to cold (from Ref. 48). Bottom panels, BAT activities in a normal subject and a pheochromocytoma patient with elevated circulating level of catecholamines (with permission from Ref. 57).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Histological images of WAT, brite cells, and BAT stained for UCP1. WAT and brite cell images are human (with permission from Ref. 45). The BAT image is mouse and from Hemmeryckx et al., with permission.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Changes of immune cell populations in adipose tissue in obesity. A Th1 response occurs in obese adipose tissue, featured with decreased populations of anti-inflammatory immune cells, including regulatory T (Treg) cells, M2 macrophages, eosinophils, and iNKT cells but increased populations of proinflammatory immune cells, such as neutrophils, M1 macrophages, mast cells, B2 cells, CD8+ T cells, and IFN-γ+ Th1 cells.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Mechanism of action for thiazolidinediones (TZDs). TZDs mainly improve adipose tissue insulin sensitivity by activating PPARγ in both adipocytes and infiltrated macrophages. Activation of PPARγ in adipose tissue promotes lipid storage in fat, decreases lipid deposit in muscle and liver through lowering circulating levels of FFA, stimulates secretion of adiponectin, and reduces secretion of proinflammatory factors, such as TNF-α, resistin, and MCP-1.

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Source: PubMed

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