Therapeutic perspective for children and young adults living with thalassemia and sickle cell disease

Abstract

Hemoglobinopathies, including thalassemias and sickle cell disease, are the most common monogenic diseases worldwide, with estimated annual births of more than 330,000 affected infants. Hemoglobin disorders account for about 3.4% of deaths in children under 5 years of age. The distribution of these diseases is historically linked to current or previously malaria-endemic regions; however, immigration has led to a worldwide distribution of these diseases, making them a global health problem. During the last decade, new treatment approaches and novel therapies have been proposed, some of which have the potential to change the natural history of these disorders. Indeed, the first erythroid maturation agent, luspatercept, and gene therapy have been approved for beta-thalassemia adult patients. For sickle cell disease, molecules targeting vaso-occlusion and hemoglobin S polymerization include crizanlizumab, which has been approved for patients ≥ 16 years, voxelotor approved for patients ≥ 12 years, and L-glutamine for patients older than 5 years. Conclusion: We herein present the most recent advances and future perspectives in thalassemia and sickle cell disease treatment, including new drugs, gene therapy, and gene editing, and the current clinical trial status in the pediatric populations. What is Known: • Red blood cell transfusions, iron chelation therapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation have been the mainstay of treatment of thalassemia patients for decades. • For sickle cell disease, until 2005, treatment strategies were mostly the same as those for thalassemia, with the option of simple transfusion or exchange transfusion. In 2007, hydroxyurea was approved for patients ≥ 2 years old. What is New: • In 2019, gene therapy with betibeglogene autotemcel (LentiGlobin BB305) was approved for TDT patients ≥ 12 years old non β0/β0 without matched sibling donor. • Starting from 2017 several new drugs, such as L-glutamine (approved only by FDA), crizanlizumab (approved by FDA and EMA for patients ≥ 16 years), and lastly voxelotor (approved by FDA and EMA for patients ≥ 12 years old).

Keywords: Crizanlizumab; Gene editing; Gene therapy; Luspatercept; Sickle cell disease; Thalassemia.

Conflict of interest statement

MDC has been or is a current consultant for Sanofi-Genzyme, Novartis, Celgene Corp (Bristol Myers Squibb), Vifor Pharma, and Ionis Pharmaceuticals, and has received research funding from Sanofi-Genzyme, Novartis, Celgene Corp (Bristol Myers Squibb), La Jolla Pharmaceutical Company, Roche, Protagonist Therapeutics, and CRISPR Therapeutics. AK has received advisory board fees from Agios Pharmaceuticals, AMGEN, Celgene (Bristol Myers Squibb), Crisp/Vertex, Ionis, Novartis, Vifor Pharma; speaker fees from Celgene (Bristol Myers Squibb), Chiesi, Crisp/Vertex, Novartis, Vifor Pharma; and research funding from Celgene (Bristol Myers Squibb), Novartis. IM has received advisory board fees from Bristol Myers Squibb, Sanofi Genzyme, Amicus Therapeutics, and speaker fees from Bristol Myers Squibb, Sanofi Genzyme.

© 2023. The Author(s).

Figures

Fig. 1

Milestones in the development of treatments for thalassemias and sickle cell disease. RBC, red blood cell; HSCT: hematopoietic stem cell transplantation